diff --git a/open-sse/translator/concerns/finishReason.js b/open-sse/translator/concerns/finishReason.js
index 684a7001..6bfd021b 100644
--- a/open-sse/translator/concerns/finishReason.js
+++ b/open-sse/translator/concerns/finishReason.js
@@ -11,6 +11,10 @@ export function toOpenAIFinish(reason, format) {
         case CLAUDE_STOP.MAX_TOKENS: return OPENAI_FINISH.LENGTH;
         case CLAUDE_STOP.TOOL_USE: return OPENAI_FINISH.TOOL_CALLS;
         case CLAUDE_STOP.STOP_SEQUENCE: return OPENAI_FINISH.STOP;
+        // A refusal is a blocked turn, not a clean stop: with the default mapping an
+        // OpenAI client saw finish_reason "stop" and an empty message (9Router logged
+        // "succeeded", OUT 0) and could not tell it from a real answer.
+        case CLAUDE_STOP.REFUSAL: return OPENAI_FINISH.CONTENT_FILTER;
         default: return OPENAI_FINISH.STOP;
       }
     case "commandcode":
@@ -55,6 +59,7 @@ export function fromOpenAIFinish(reason, format) {
         case OPENAI_FINISH.STOP: return CLAUDE_STOP.END_TURN;
         case OPENAI_FINISH.LENGTH: return CLAUDE_STOP.MAX_TOKENS;
         case OPENAI_FINISH.TOOL_CALLS: return CLAUDE_STOP.TOOL_USE;
+        case OPENAI_FINISH.CONTENT_FILTER: return CLAUDE_STOP.REFUSAL;
         default: return CLAUDE_STOP.END_TURN;
       }
     default:
diff --git a/open-sse/translator/response/claude-to-openai.js b/open-sse/translator/response/claude-to-openai.js
index 4651d3cf..80de2f18 100644
--- a/open-sse/translator/response/claude-to-openai.js
+++ b/open-sse/translator/response/claude-to-openai.js
@@ -149,6 +149,13 @@ export function claudeToOpenAIResponse(chunk, state) {
 
       if (chunk.delta?.stop_reason) {
         state.finishReason = convertStopReason(chunk.delta.stop_reason);
+        // A refusal produces no content blocks at all. Surface Anthropic's own
+        // explanation as the message text so the client shows *why* the turn is
+        // empty instead of a blank reply.
+        const refusalNote = chunk.delta.stop_reason === "refusal" && chunk.delta.stop_details?.explanation;
+        if (refusalNote) {
+          results.push(createChunk(state, { content: refusalNote }));
+        }
         const finalChunk = createChunk(state, {}, state.finishReason);
 
         if (state.usage) {
diff --git a/open-sse/translator/schema/finishReasons.js b/open-sse/translator/schema/finishReasons.js
index 73535dae..88c320f1 100644
--- a/open-sse/translator/schema/finishReasons.js
+++ b/open-sse/translator/schema/finishReasons.js
@@ -14,6 +14,9 @@ export const CLAUDE_STOP = {
   MAX_TOKENS: "max_tokens",
   TOOL_USE: "tool_use",
   STOP_SEQUENCE: "stop_sequence",
+  // Anthropic's API-level refusal (streaming classifier / ToS). Arrives in
+  // message_delta with zero output tokens; stop_details carries the reason.
+  REFUSAL: "refusal",
 };
 
 // Gemini finishReason values.
diff --git a/tests/unit/claude-refusal-stream.test.js b/tests/unit/claude-refusal-stream.test.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5c281f84
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/claude-refusal-stream.test.js
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+// A refusal from the Anthropic API (stop_reason "refusal", zero output tokens, no
+// content blocks) must reach an OpenAI-format client as finish_reason
+// "content_filter" carrying Anthropic's explanation — not as a clean, empty "stop".
+// Captured live on 2026-09-20 against claude-opus-5 via a Claude Code OAuth
+// connection: 9Router logged "Model succeeded · OUT 0" and the client saw nothing.
+import { describe, it, expect } from "vitest";
+import { claudeToOpenAIResponse } from "../../open-sse/translator/response/claude-to-openai.js";
+
+const EXPLANATION =
+  "This request was blocked as it seems to violate Anthropic's Terms of Service restrictions on reverse engineering or duplicating model outputs.";
+
+function runStream(events) {
+  const state = {};
+  const out = [];
+  for (const ev of events) {
+    const r = claudeToOpenAIResponse(ev, state);
+    if (Array.isArray(r)) out.push(...r);
+    else if (r) out.push(r);
+  }
+  return { state, out };
+}
+
+const refusalStream = [
+  {
+    type: "message_start",
+    message: {
+      id: "msg_refusal", model: "claude-opus-5", role: "assistant", content: [],
+      usage: { input_tokens: 637, cache_creation_input_tokens: 206779, cache_read_input_tokens: 0, output_tokens: 0 }
+    }
+  },
+  {
+    type: "message_delta",
+    delta: {
+      stop_reason: "refusal",
+      stop_sequence: null,
+      stop_details: { type: "refusal", category: "reasoning_extraction", explanation: EXPLANATION }
+    },
+    usage: { input_tokens: 637, cache_creation_input_tokens: 206779, cache_read_input_tokens: 0, output_tokens: 0 }
+  },
+  { type: "message_stop" }
+];
+
+describe("claude-to-openai: refusal stop_reason", () => {
+  it("finishes with content_filter, not stop", () => {
+    const { out } = runStream(refusalStream);
+    const finishes = out.map(c => c.choices?.[0]?.finish_reason).filter(Boolean);
+    expect(finishes).toEqual(["content_filter"]);
+  });
+
+  it("surfaces Anthropic's explanation as message content", () => {
+    const { out } = runStream(refusalStream);
+    const text = out.map(c => c.choices?.[0]?.delta?.content || "").join("");
+    expect(text).toBe(EXPLANATION);
+  });
+
+  it("keeps usage on the final chunk (prompt tokens were billed)", () => {
+    const { out } = runStream(refusalStream);
+    const final = out.find(c => c.choices?.[0]?.finish_reason === "content_filter");
+    expect(final.usage.prompt_tokens).toBe(637 + 206779);
+    expect(final.usage.completion_tokens).toBe(0);
+  });
+
+  it("leaves a normal end_turn untouched", () => {
+    const { out } = runStream([
+      { type: "message_start", message: { id: "m", model: "claude-opus-5", role: "assistant", content: [], usage: { input_tokens: 5, output_tokens: 0 } } },
+      { type: "content_block_start", index: 0, content_block: { type: "text", text: "" } },
+      { type: "content_block_delta", index: 0, delta: { type: "text_delta", text: "ok" } },
+      { type: "content_block_stop", index: 0 },
+      { type: "message_delta", delta: { stop_reason: "end_turn", stop_sequence: null, stop_details: null }, usage: { output_tokens: 1 } },
+      { type: "message_stop" }
+    ]);
+    const finishes = out.map(c => c.choices?.[0]?.finish_reason).filter(Boolean);
+    expect(finishes).toEqual(["stop"]);
+    expect(out.map(c => c.choices?.[0]?.delta?.content || "").join("")).toBe("ok");
+  });
+});
diff --git a/tests/unit/finish-reason-concern.test.js b/tests/unit/finish-reason-concern.test.js
index d4fc4713..bb233bf3 100644
--- a/tests/unit/finish-reason-concern.test.js
+++ b/tests/unit/finish-reason-concern.test.js
@@ -40,6 +40,9 @@ describe("toOpenAIFinish - claude", () => {
     ["end_turn", "stop"],
     ["max_tokens", "length"],
     ["tool_use", "tool_calls"],
+    ["stop_sequence", "stop"],
+    ["refusal", "content_filter"],
+    ["unknown_xyz", "stop"],
   ])("%s -> %s", (input, expected) => {
     expect(toOpenAIFinish(input, "claude")).toBe(expected);
   });
@@ -58,6 +61,9 @@ describe("fromOpenAIFinish round-trip - claude", () => {
   it("tool_calls -> tool_use", () => {
     expect(fromOpenAIFinish("tool_calls", "claude")).toBe("tool_use");
   });
+  it("content_filter -> refusal", () => {
+    expect(fromOpenAIFinish("content_filter", "claude")).toBe("refusal");
+  });
   it("length -> max_tokens", () => {
     expect(fromOpenAIFinish("length", "claude")).toBe("max_tokens");
   });