diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 3d250e6cc..f00126e98 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -126,6 +126,8 @@
     "is-symbol": "npm:@nolyfill/is-symbol@^1",
     "is-weakref": "npm:@nolyfill/is-weakref@^1",
     "iterator.prototype": "npm:@nolyfill/iterator.prototype@^1",
+    "json-stable-stringify": "npm:@nolyfill/json-stable-stringify@^1",
+    "jsonify": "npm:@nolyfill/jsonify@^1",
     "object-is": "npm:@nolyfill/object-is@^1",
     "object-keys": "npm:@nolyfill/object-keys@^1",
     "object.assign": "npm:@nolyfill/object.assign@^1",
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/package.json b/packages/backend/server/package.json
index 97d5f7fe1..ea8785199 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/package.json
+++ b/packages/backend/server/package.json
@@ -25,7 +25,9 @@
     "postinstall": "prisma generate"
   },
   "dependencies": {
-    "@ai-sdk/google": "^1.1.19",
+    "@ai-sdk/google": "^1.2.10",
+    "@ai-sdk/openai": "^1.3.9",
+    "@ai-sdk/perplexity": "^1.1.6",
     "@apollo/server": "^4.11.3",
     "@aws-sdk/client-s3": "^3.779.0",
     "@aws-sdk/s3-request-presigner": "^3.779.0",
@@ -73,7 +75,6 @@
     "date-fns": "^4.0.0",
     "dotenv": "^16.4.7",
     "eventemitter2": "^6.4.9",
-    "eventsource-parser": "^3.0.0",
     "express": "^5.0.1",
     "fast-xml-parser": "^5.0.0",
     "get-stream": "^9.0.1",
@@ -95,7 +96,6 @@
     "nestjs-cls": "^5.0.0",
     "nodemailer": "^6.9.16",
     "on-headers": "^1.0.2",
-    "openai": "^4.83.0",
     "piscina": "^5.0.0-alpha.0",
     "prisma": "^5.22.0",
     "react": "19.1.0",
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/copilot.spec.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/copilot.spec.ts
index 31595ba81..cc3c648b1 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/copilot.spec.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/copilot.spec.ts
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ import {
   CopilotProviderType,
   OpenAIProvider,
 } from '../plugins/copilot/providers';
-import { CitationParser } from '../plugins/copilot/providers/perplexity';
+import { CitationParser } from '../plugins/copilot/providers/utils';
 import { ChatSessionService } from '../plugins/copilot/session';
 import { CopilotStorage } from '../plugins/copilot/storage';
 import { CopilotTranscriptionService } from '../plugins/copilot/transcript';
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/context/embedding.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/context/embedding.ts
index 3f0c8c411..845a68699 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/context/embedding.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/context/embedding.ts
@@ -1,27 +1,39 @@
-import OpenAI from 'openai';
+import {
+  createOpenAI,
+  type OpenAIProvider as VercelOpenAIProvider,
+} from '@ai-sdk/openai';
+import { embedMany } from 'ai';
 
 import { Embedding } from '../../../models';
+import { OpenAIConfig } from '../providers/openai';
 import { EmbeddingClient } from './types';
 
 export class OpenAIEmbeddingClient extends EmbeddingClient {
-  constructor(private readonly client: OpenAI) {
+  readonly #instance: VercelOpenAIProvider;
+
+  constructor(config: OpenAIConfig) {
     super();
+    this.#instance = createOpenAI({
+      apiKey: config.apiKey,
+      baseURL: config.baseUrl,
+    });
   }
 
-  async getEmbeddings(
-    input: string[],
-    signal?: AbortSignal
-  ): Promise<Embedding[]> {
-    const resp = await this.client.embeddings.create(
-      {
-        input,
-        model: 'text-embedding-3-large',
-        dimensions: 1024,
-        encoding_format: 'float',
-      },
-      { signal }
-    );
-    return resp.data.map(e => ({ ...e, content: input[e.index] }));
+  async getEmbeddings(input: string[]): Promise<Embedding[]> {
+    const modelInstance = this.#instance.embedding('text-embedding-3-large', {
+      dimensions: 1024,
+    });
+
+    const { embeddings } = await embedMany({
+      model: modelInstance,
+      values: input,
+    });
+
+    return Array.from(embeddings.entries()).map(([index, embedding]) => ({
+      index,
+      embedding,
+      content: input[index],
+    }));
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/context/job.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/context/job.ts
index 1943b4257..4d962c725 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/context/job.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/context/job.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import { Injectable } from '@nestjs/common';
-import OpenAI from 'openai';
 
 import {
   AFFiNELogger,
@@ -49,7 +48,7 @@ export class CopilotContextDocJob {
     this.supportEmbedding =
       await this.models.copilotContext.checkEmbeddingAvailable();
     this.client = new OpenAIEmbeddingClient(
-      new OpenAI(this.config.copilot.providers.openai)
+      this.config.copilot.providers.openai
     );
   }
 
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/context/service.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/context/service.ts
index f66673316..f07c3ef1c 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/context/service.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/context/service.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import { Injectable, OnApplicationBootstrap } from '@nestjs/common';
-import OpenAI from 'openai';
 
 import {
   Cache,
@@ -46,7 +45,7 @@ export class CopilotContextService implements OnApplicationBootstrap {
   private setup() {
     const configure = this.config.copilot.providers.openai;
     if (configure.apiKey) {
-      this.client = new OpenAIEmbeddingClient(new OpenAI(configure));
+      this.client = new OpenAIEmbeddingClient(configure);
     }
   }
 
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/providers/gemini.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/providers/gemini.ts
index abcb6d2db..989be35b6 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/providers/gemini.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/providers/gemini.ts
@@ -4,14 +4,10 @@ import {
 } from '@ai-sdk/google';
 import {
   AISDKError,
-  type CoreAssistantMessage,
-  type CoreUserMessage,
-  FilePart,
   generateObject,
   generateText,
   JSONParseError,
   streamText,
-  TextPart,
 } from 'ai';
 
 import {
@@ -29,35 +25,15 @@ import {
   CopilotTextToTextProvider,
   PromptMessage,
 } from './types';
+import { chatToGPTMessage } from './utils';
 
 export const DEFAULT_DIMENSIONS = 256;
 
-const SIMPLE_IMAGE_URL_REGEX = /^(https?:\/\/|data:image\/)/;
-const FORMAT_INFER_MAP: Record<string, string> = {
-  pdf: 'application/pdf',
-  mp3: 'audio/mpeg',
-  wav: 'audio/wav',
-  png: 'image/png',
-  jpeg: 'image/jpeg',
-  jpg: 'image/jpeg',
-  webp: 'image/webp',
-  txt: 'text/plain',
-  md: 'text/plain',
-  mov: 'video/mov',
-  mpeg: 'video/mpeg',
-  mp4: 'video/mp4',
-  avi: 'video/avi',
-  wmv: 'video/wmv',
-  flv: 'video/flv',
-};
-
 export type GeminiConfig = {
   apiKey: string;
   baseUrl?: string;
 };
 
-type ChatMessage = CoreUserMessage | CoreAssistantMessage;
-
 export class GeminiProvider
   extends CopilotProvider<GeminiConfig>
   implements CopilotTextToTextProvider
@@ -86,67 +62,6 @@ export class GeminiProvider
     });
   }
 
-  private inferMimeType(url: string) {
-    if (url.startsWith('data:')) {
-      return url.split(';')[0].split(':')[1];
-    }
-    const extension = url.split('.').pop();
-    if (extension) {
-      return FORMAT_INFER_MAP[extension];
-    }
-    return undefined;
-  }
-
-  protected async chatToGPTMessage(
-    messages: PromptMessage[]
-  ): Promise<[string | undefined, ChatMessage[], any]> {
-    const system =
-      messages[0]?.role === 'system' ? messages.shift() : undefined;
-    const schema = system?.params?.schema;
-
-    // filter redundant fields
-    const msgs: ChatMessage[] = [];
-    for (let { role, content, attachments, params } of messages.filter(
-      m => m.role !== 'system'
-    )) {
-      content = content.trim();
-      role = role as 'user' | 'assistant';
-      const mimetype = params?.mimetype;
-      if (Array.isArray(attachments)) {
-        const contents: (TextPart | FilePart)[] = [];
-        if (content.length) {
-          contents.push({
-            type: 'text',
-            text: content,
-          });
-        }
-
-        for (const url of attachments) {
-          if (SIMPLE_IMAGE_URL_REGEX.test(url)) {
-            const mimeType =
-              typeof mimetype === 'string' ? mimetype : this.inferMimeType(url);
-            if (mimeType) {
-              const data = url.startsWith('data:')
-                ? await fetch(url).then(r => r.arrayBuffer())
-                : new URL(url);
-              contents.push({
-                type: 'file' as const,
-                data,
-                mimeType,
-              });
-            }
-          }
-        }
-
-        msgs.push({ role, content: contents } as ChatMessage);
-      } else {
-        msgs.push({ role, content });
-      }
-    }
-
-    return [system?.content, msgs, schema];
-  }
-
   protected async checkParams({
     messages,
     embeddings,
@@ -223,7 +138,7 @@ export class GeminiProvider
     try {
       metrics.ai.counter('chat_text_calls').add(1, { model });
 
-      const [system, msgs, schema] = await this.chatToGPTMessage(messages);
+      const [system, msgs, schema] = await chatToGPTMessage(messages);
 
       const modelInstance = this.#instance(model, {
         structuredOutputs: Boolean(options.jsonMode),
@@ -274,7 +189,7 @@ export class GeminiProvider
 
     try {
       metrics.ai.counter('chat_text_stream_calls').add(1, { model });
-      const [system, msgs] = await this.chatToGPTMessage(messages);
+      const [system, msgs] = await chatToGPTMessage(messages);
 
       const { textStream } = streamText({
         model: this.#instance(model),
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/providers/openai.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/providers/openai.ts
index db4da5cf8..ad7147d24 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/providers/openai.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/providers/openai.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,15 @@
-import { APIError, BadRequestError, ClientOptions, OpenAI } from 'openai';
+import {
+  createOpenAI,
+  type OpenAIProvider as VercelOpenAIProvider,
+} from '@ai-sdk/openai';
+import {
+  AISDKError,
+  embedMany,
+  experimental_generateImage as generateImage,
+  generateObject,
+  generateText,
+  streamText,
+} from 'ai';
 
 import {
   CopilotPromptInvalid,
@@ -20,12 +31,14 @@ import {
   CopilotTextToTextProvider,
   PromptMessage,
 } from './types';
+import { chatToGPTMessage } from './utils';
 
 export const DEFAULT_DIMENSIONS = 256;
 
-const SIMPLE_IMAGE_URL_REGEX = /^(https?:\/\/|data:image\/)/;
-
-export type OpenAIConfig = ClientOptions;
+export type OpenAIConfig = {
+  apiKey: string;
+  baseUrl?: string;
+};
 
 export class OpenAIProvider
   extends CopilotProvider<OpenAIConfig>
@@ -62,8 +75,7 @@ export class OpenAIProvider
     'dall-e-3',
   ];
 
-  #existsModels: string[] = [];
-  #instance!: OpenAI;
+  #instance!: VercelOpenAIProvider;
 
   override configured(): boolean {
     return !!this.config.apiKey;
@@ -71,55 +83,9 @@ export class OpenAIProvider
 
   protected override setup() {
     super.setup();
-    this.#instance = new OpenAI(this.config);
-  }
-
-  override async isModelAvailable(model: string): Promise<boolean> {
-    const knownModels = this.models.includes(model);
-    if (knownModels) return true;
-
-    if (!this.#existsModels) {
-      try {
-        this.#existsModels = await this.#instance.models
-          .list()
-          .then(({ data }) => data.map(m => m.id));
-      } catch (e: any) {
-        this.logger.error('Failed to fetch online model list', e.stack);
-      }
-    }
-    return !!this.#existsModels?.includes(model);
-  }
-
-  protected chatToGPTMessage(
-    messages: PromptMessage[]
-  ): OpenAI.Chat.Completions.ChatCompletionMessageParam[] {
-    // filter redundant fields
-    return messages.map(({ role, content, attachments }) => {
-      content = content.trim();
-      if (Array.isArray(attachments) && attachments.length) {
-        const contents: OpenAI.Chat.Completions.ChatCompletionContentPart[] =
-          [];
-        if (content.length) {
-          contents.push({
-            type: 'text',
-            text: content,
-          });
-        }
-        contents.push(
-          ...(attachments
-            .filter(url => SIMPLE_IMAGE_URL_REGEX.test(url))
-            .map(url => ({
-              type: 'image_url',
-              image_url: { url, detail: 'high' },
-            })) as OpenAI.Chat.Completions.ChatCompletionContentPartImage[])
-        );
-        return {
-          role,
-          content: contents,
-        } as OpenAI.Chat.Completions.ChatCompletionMessageParam;
-      } else {
-        return { role, content };
-      }
+    this.#instance = createOpenAI({
+      apiKey: this.config.apiKey,
+      baseURL: this.config.baseUrl,
     });
   }
 
@@ -186,11 +152,8 @@ export class OpenAIProvider
   ) {
     if (e instanceof UserFriendlyError) {
       return e;
-    } else if (e instanceof APIError) {
-      if (
-        e instanceof BadRequestError &&
-        (e.message.includes('safety') || e.message.includes('risk'))
-      ) {
+    } else if (e instanceof AISDKError) {
+      if (e.message.includes('safety') || e.message.includes('risk')) {
         metrics.ai
           .counter('chat_text_risk_errors')
           .add(1, { model, user: options.user || undefined });
@@ -198,7 +161,7 @@ export class OpenAIProvider
 
       return new CopilotProviderSideError({
         provider: this.type,
-        kind: e.type || 'unknown',
+        kind: e.name || 'unknown',
         message: e.message,
       });
     } else {
@@ -217,26 +180,42 @@ export class OpenAIProvider
     options: CopilotChatOptions = {}
   ): Promise<string> {
     await this.checkParams({ messages, model, options });
+    console.log('messages', messages);
 
     try {
       metrics.ai.counter('chat_text_calls').add(1, { model });
-      const result = await this.#instance.chat.completions.create(
-        {
-          messages: this.chatToGPTMessage(messages),
-          model: model,
-          temperature: options.temperature || 0,
-          max_completion_tokens: options.maxTokens || 4096,
-          response_format: {
-            type: options.jsonMode ? 'json_object' : 'text',
-          },
-          user: options.user,
-        },
-        { signal: options.signal }
-      );
-      const { content } = result.choices[0].message;
-      if (!content) throw new Error('Failed to generate text');
-      return content.trim();
+
+      const [system, msgs, schema] = await chatToGPTMessage(messages);
+
+      const modelInstance = this.#instance(model, {
+        structuredOutputs: Boolean(options.jsonMode),
+        user: options.user,
+      });
+
+      const commonParams = {
+        model: modelInstance,
+        system,
+        messages: msgs,
+        temperature: options.temperature || 0,
+        maxTokens: options.maxTokens || 4096,
+        abortSignal: options.signal,
+      };
+
+      const { text } = schema
+        ? await generateObject({
+            ...commonParams,
+            schema,
+          }).then(r => ({ text: JSON.stringify(r.object) }))
+        : await generateText({
+            ...commonParams,
+            providerOptions: {
+              openai: options.user ? { user: options.user } : {},
+            },
+          });
+
+      return text.trim();
     } catch (e: any) {
+      console.log('error', e);
       metrics.ai.counter('chat_text_errors').add(1, { model });
       throw this.handleError(e, model, options);
     }
@@ -251,34 +230,30 @@ export class OpenAIProvider
 
     try {
       metrics.ai.counter('chat_text_stream_calls').add(1, { model });
-      const result = await this.#instance.chat.completions.create(
-        {
-          stream: true,
-          messages: this.chatToGPTMessage(messages),
-          model: model,
-          frequency_penalty: options.frequencyPenalty || 0,
-          presence_penalty: options.presencePenalty || 0,
-          temperature: options.temperature || 0.5,
-          max_completion_tokens: options.maxTokens || 4096,
-          response_format: {
-            type: options.jsonMode ? 'json_object' : 'text',
-          },
-          user: options.user,
-        },
-        {
-          signal: options.signal,
-        }
-      );
 
-      for await (const message of result) {
-        if (!Array.isArray(message.choices) || !message.choices.length) {
-          continue;
-        }
-        const content = message.choices[0].delta.content;
-        if (content) {
-          yield content;
+      const [system, msgs] = await chatToGPTMessage(messages);
+
+      const modelInstance = this.#instance(model, {
+        structuredOutputs: Boolean(options.jsonMode),
+        user: options.user,
+      });
+
+      const { textStream } = streamText({
+        model: modelInstance,
+        system,
+        messages: msgs,
+        frequencyPenalty: options.frequencyPenalty || 0,
+        presencePenalty: options.presencePenalty || 0,
+        temperature: options.temperature || 0,
+        maxTokens: options.maxTokens || 4096,
+        abortSignal: options.signal,
+      });
+
+      for await (const message of textStream) {
+        if (message) {
+          yield message;
           if (options.signal?.aborted) {
-            result.controller.abort();
+            await textStream.cancel();
             break;
           }
         }
@@ -301,15 +276,18 @@ export class OpenAIProvider
 
     try {
       metrics.ai.counter('generate_embedding_calls').add(1, { model });
-      const result = await this.#instance.embeddings.create({
-        model: model,
-        input: messages,
+
+      const modelInstance = this.#instance.embedding(model, {
         dimensions: options.dimensions || DEFAULT_DIMENSIONS,
         user: options.user,
       });
-      return result.data
-        .map(e => e?.embedding)
-        .filter(v => v && Array.isArray(v));
+
+      const { embeddings } = await embedMany({
+        model: modelInstance,
+        values: messages,
+      });
+
+      return embeddings.filter(v => v && Array.isArray(v));
     } catch (e: any) {
       metrics.ai.counter('generate_embedding_errors').add(1, { model });
       throw this.handleError(e, model, options);
@@ -327,18 +305,16 @@ export class OpenAIProvider
 
     try {
       metrics.ai.counter('generate_images_calls').add(1, { model });
-      const result = await this.#instance.images.generate(
-        {
-          prompt,
-          model,
-          response_format: 'url',
-          user: options.user,
-        },
-        { signal: options.signal }
-      );
 
-      return result.data
-        .map(image => image.url)
+      const modelInstance = this.#instance.image(model);
+
+      const result = await generateImage({
+        model: modelInstance,
+        prompt,
+      });
+
+      return result.images
+        .map(image => image.base64)
         .filter((v): v is string => !!v);
     } catch (e: any) {
       metrics.ai.counter('generate_images_errors').add(1, { model });
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/providers/perplexity.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/providers/perplexity.ts
index c01659c66..617678f95 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/providers/perplexity.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/providers/perplexity.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
-import { EventSourceParserStream } from 'eventsource-parser/stream';
+import {
+  createPerplexity,
+  type PerplexityProvider as VercelPerplexityProvider,
+} from '@ai-sdk/perplexity';
+import { generateText, streamText } from 'ai';
 import { z } from 'zod';
 
 import {
@@ -14,6 +18,7 @@ import {
   CopilotTextToTextProvider,
   PromptMessage,
 } from './types';
+import { chatToGPTMessage, CitationParser } from './utils';
 
 export type PerplexityConfig = {
   apiKey: string;
@@ -39,130 +44,8 @@ const PerplexityErrorSchema = z.union([
   }),
 ]);
 
-const PerplexityDataSchema = z.object({
-  citations: z.array(z.string()),
-  choices: z.array(
-    z.object({
-      message: z.object({
-        content: z.string(),
-        role: z.literal('assistant'),
-      }),
-      delta: z.object({
-        content: z.string(),
-        role: z.literal('assistant'),
-      }),
-      finish_reason: z.union([z.literal('stop'), z.literal(null)]),
-    })
-  ),
-});
-
-const PerplexitySchema = z.union([PerplexityDataSchema, PerplexityErrorSchema]);
-
 type PerplexityError = z.infer<typeof PerplexityErrorSchema>;
 
-export class CitationParser {
-  private readonly SQUARE_BRACKET_OPEN = '[';
-
-  private readonly SQUARE_BRACKET_CLOSE = ']';
-
-  private readonly PARENTHESES_OPEN = '(';
-
-  private startToken: string[] = [];
-
-  private endToken: string[] = [];
-
-  private numberToken: string[] = [];
-
-  private citations: string[] = [];
-
-  public parse(content: string, citations: string[]) {
-    this.citations = citations;
-    let result = '';
-    const contentArray = content.split('');
-    for (const [index, char] of contentArray.entries()) {
-      if (char === this.SQUARE_BRACKET_OPEN) {
-        if (this.numberToken.length === 0) {
-          this.startToken.push(char);
-        } else {
-          result += this.flush() + char;
-        }
-        continue;
-      }
-
-      if (char === this.SQUARE_BRACKET_CLOSE) {
-        this.endToken.push(char);
-        if (this.startToken.length === this.endToken.length) {
-          const cIndex = Number(this.numberToken.join('').trim());
-          if (
-            cIndex > 0 &&
-            cIndex <= citations.length &&
-            contentArray[index + 1] !== this.PARENTHESES_OPEN
-          ) {
-            const content = `[^${cIndex}]`;
-            result += content;
-            this.resetToken();
-          } else {
-            result += this.flush();
-          }
-        } else if (this.startToken.length < this.endToken.length) {
-          result += this.flush();
-        }
-        continue;
-      }
-
-      if (this.isNumeric(char)) {
-        if (this.startToken.length > 0) {
-          this.numberToken.push(char);
-        } else {
-          result += this.flush() + char;
-        }
-        continue;
-      }
-
-      if (this.startToken.length > 0) {
-        result += this.flush() + char;
-      } else {
-        result += char;
-      }
-    }
-
-    return result;
-  }
-
-  public end() {
-    return this.flush() + '\n' + this.getFootnotes();
-  }
-
-  private flush() {
-    const content = this.getTokenContent();
-    this.resetToken();
-    return content;
-  }
-
-  private getFootnotes() {
-    const footnotes = this.citations.map((citation, index) => {
-      return `[^${index + 1}]: {"type":"url","url":"${encodeURIComponent(
-        citation
-      )}"}`;
-    });
-    return footnotes.join('\n');
-  }
-
-  private getTokenContent() {
-    return this.startToken.concat(this.numberToken, this.endToken).join('');
-  }
-
-  private resetToken() {
-    this.startToken = [];
-    this.endToken = [];
-    this.numberToken = [];
-  }
-
-  private isNumeric(str: string) {
-    return !isNaN(Number(str)) && str.trim() !== '';
-  }
-}
-
 export class PerplexityProvider
   extends CopilotProvider<PerplexityConfig>
   implements CopilotTextToTextProvider
@@ -176,10 +59,20 @@ export class PerplexityProvider
     'sonar-reasoning-pro',
   ];
 
+  #instance!: VercelPerplexityProvider;
+
   override configured(): boolean {
     return !!this.config.apiKey;
   }
 
+  protected override setup() {
+    super.setup();
+    this.#instance = createPerplexity({
+      apiKey: this.config.apiKey,
+      baseURL: this.config.endpoint,
+    });
+  }
+
   async generateText(
     messages: PromptMessage[],
     model: string = 'sonar',
@@ -188,38 +81,26 @@ export class PerplexityProvider
     await this.checkParams({ messages, model, options });
     try {
       metrics.ai.counter('chat_text_calls').add(1, { model });
-      const sMessages = messages
-        .map(({ content, role }) => ({ content, role }))
-        .filter(({ content }) => typeof content === 'string');
 
-      const params = {
-        method: 'POST',
-        headers: {
-          Authorization: `Bearer ${this.config.apiKey}`,
-          'Content-Type': 'application/json',
-        },
-        body: JSON.stringify({
-          model,
-          messages: sMessages,
-          max_tokens: options.maxTokens || 4096,
-        }),
-      };
-      const response = await fetch(
-        this.config.endpoint || 'https://api.perplexity.ai/chat/completions',
-        params
-      );
-      const data = PerplexitySchema.parse(await response.json());
-      if ('detail' in data || 'error' in data) {
-        throw this.convertError(data);
-      } else {
-        const citationParser = new CitationParser();
-        const { content } = data.choices[0].message;
-        const { citations } = data;
-        let result = content.replaceAll(/<\/?think>\n/g, '\n---\n');
-        result = citationParser.parse(result, citations);
-        result += citationParser.end();
-        return result;
-      }
+      const [system, msgs] = await chatToGPTMessage(messages);
+
+      const modelInstance = this.#instance(model);
+
+      const { text, sources } = await generateText({
+        model: modelInstance,
+        system,
+        messages: msgs,
+        temperature: options.temperature || 0,
+        maxTokens: options.maxTokens || 4096,
+        abortSignal: options.signal,
+      });
+
+      const citationParser = new CitationParser();
+      const citations = sources.map(s => s.url);
+      let result = text.replaceAll(/<\/?think>\n/g, '\n---\n');
+      result = citationParser.parse(result, citations);
+      result += citationParser.end();
+      return result;
     } catch (e: any) {
       metrics.ai.counter('chat_text_errors').add(1, { model });
       throw this.handleError(e);
@@ -234,69 +115,54 @@ export class PerplexityProvider
     await this.checkParams({ messages, model, options });
     try {
       metrics.ai.counter('chat_text_stream_calls').add(1, { model });
-      const sMessages = messages
-        .map(({ content, role }) => ({ content, role }))
-        .filter(({ content }) => typeof content === 'string');
 
-      const params = {
-        method: 'POST',
-        headers: {
-          Authorization: `Bearer ${this.config.apiKey}`,
-          'Content-Type': 'application/json',
-        },
-        body: JSON.stringify({
-          model,
-          messages: sMessages,
-          max_tokens: options.maxTokens || 4096,
-          stream: true,
-        }),
-      };
-      const response = await fetch(
-        this.config.endpoint || 'https://api.perplexity.ai/chat/completions',
-        params
-      );
-      const errorHandler = this.convertError;
-      if (response.ok && response.body) {
-        const citationParser = new CitationParser();
-        const eventStream = response.body
-          .pipeThrough(new TextDecoderStream())
-          .pipeThrough(new EventSourceParserStream())
-          .pipeThrough(
-            new TransformStream({
-              transform(chunk, controller) {
-                if (options.signal?.aborted) {
-                  controller.enqueue(null);
-                  return;
-                }
-                const json = JSON.parse(chunk.data);
-                if (json) {
-                  const data = PerplexitySchema.parse(json);
-                  if ('detail' in data || 'error' in data) {
-                    throw errorHandler(data);
-                  }
-                  const { content } = data.choices[0].delta;
-                  const { citations } = data;
-                  let result = content.replaceAll(/<\/?think>\n?/g, '\n---\n');
-                  result = citationParser.parse(result, citations);
-                  controller.enqueue(result);
-                }
-              },
-              flush(controller) {
-                controller.enqueue(citationParser.end());
-                controller.enqueue(null);
-              },
-            })
-          );
+      const [system, msgs] = await chatToGPTMessage(messages);
 
-        const reader = eventStream.getReader();
-        while (true) {
-          const { done, value } = await reader.read();
-          if (done) break;
-          yield value;
+      const modelInstance = this.#instance(model);
+
+      const stream = streamText({
+        model: modelInstance,
+        system,
+        messages: msgs,
+        temperature: options.temperature || 0,
+        maxTokens: options.maxTokens || 4096,
+        abortSignal: options.signal,
+      });
+
+      const citationParser = new CitationParser();
+      const citations = [];
+      for await (const chunk of stream.fullStream) {
+        switch (chunk.type) {
+          case 'source': {
+            citations.push(chunk.source.url);
+            break;
+          }
+          case 'text-delta': {
+            const result = citationParser.parse(
+              chunk.textDelta.replaceAll(/<\/?think>\n?/g, '\n---\n'),
+              citations
+            );
+            yield result;
+            break;
+          }
+          case 'step-finish': {
+            const result = citationParser.end();
+            yield result;
+            break;
+          }
+          case 'error': {
+            const json =
+              typeof chunk.error === 'string'
+                ? JSON.parse(chunk.error)
+                : chunk.error;
+            if (json && typeof json === 'object') {
+              const data = PerplexityErrorSchema.parse(json);
+              if ('detail' in data || 'error' in data) {
+                throw this.convertError(data);
+              }
+            }
+          }
         }
-      } else {
-        const result = await this.generateText(messages, model, options);
-        yield result;
       }
     } catch (e) {
       metrics.ai.counter('chat_text_stream_errors').add(1, { model });
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/providers/utils.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/providers/utils.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..df0937808
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/providers/utils.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+import {
+  CoreAssistantMessage,
+  CoreUserMessage,
+  FilePart,
+  ImagePart,
+  TextPart,
+} from 'ai';
+
+import { PromptMessage } from './types';
+
+type ChatMessage = CoreUserMessage | CoreAssistantMessage;
+
+const SIMPLE_IMAGE_URL_REGEX = /^(https?:\/\/|data:image\/)/;
+const FORMAT_INFER_MAP: Record<string, string> = {
+  pdf: 'application/pdf',
+  mp3: 'audio/mpeg',
+  wav: 'audio/wav',
+  png: 'image/png',
+  jpeg: 'image/jpeg',
+  jpg: 'image/jpeg',
+  webp: 'image/webp',
+  txt: 'text/plain',
+  md: 'text/plain',
+  mov: 'video/mov',
+  mpeg: 'video/mpeg',
+  mp4: 'video/mp4',
+  avi: 'video/avi',
+  wmv: 'video/wmv',
+  flv: 'video/flv',
+};
+
+function inferMimeType(url: string) {
+  if (url.startsWith('data:')) {
+    return url.split(';')[0].split(':')[1];
+  }
+  const extension = url.split('.').pop();
+  if (extension) {
+    return FORMAT_INFER_MAP[extension];
+  }
+  return undefined;
+}
+
+export async function chatToGPTMessage(
+  messages: PromptMessage[]
+): Promise<[string | undefined, ChatMessage[], any]> {
+  const system = messages[0]?.role === 'system' ? messages.shift() : undefined;
+  const schema = system?.params?.schema;
+
+  // filter redundant fields
+  const msgs: ChatMessage[] = [];
+  for (let { role, content, attachments, params } of messages.filter(
+    m => m.role !== 'system'
+  )) {
+    content = content.trim();
+    role = role as 'user' | 'assistant';
+    const mimetype = params?.mimetype;
+    if (Array.isArray(attachments)) {
+      const contents: (TextPart | ImagePart | FilePart)[] = [];
+      if (content.length) {
+        contents.push({
+          type: 'text',
+          text: content,
+        });
+      }
+
+      for (const url of attachments) {
+        if (SIMPLE_IMAGE_URL_REGEX.test(url)) {
+          const mimeType =
+            typeof mimetype === 'string' ? mimetype : inferMimeType(url);
+          if (mimeType) {
+            if (mimeType.startsWith('image/')) {
+              contents.push({
+                type: 'image',
+                image: url,
+                mimeType,
+              });
+            } else {
+              const data = url.startsWith('data:')
+                ? await fetch(url).then(r => r.arrayBuffer())
+                : new URL(url);
+              contents.push({
+                type: 'file' as const,
+                data,
+                mimeType,
+              });
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      msgs.push({ role, content: contents } as ChatMessage);
+    } else {
+      msgs.push({ role, content });
+    }
+  }
+
+  return [system?.content, msgs, schema];
+}
+
+export class CitationParser {
+  private readonly SQUARE_BRACKET_OPEN = '[';
+
+  private readonly SQUARE_BRACKET_CLOSE = ']';
+
+  private readonly PARENTHESES_OPEN = '(';
+
+  private startToken: string[] = [];
+
+  private endToken: string[] = [];
+
+  private numberToken: string[] = [];
+
+  private citations: string[] = [];
+
+  public parse(content: string, citations: string[]) {
+    this.citations = citations;
+    let result = '';
+    const contentArray = content.split('');
+    for (const [index, char] of contentArray.entries()) {
+      if (char === this.SQUARE_BRACKET_OPEN) {
+        if (this.numberToken.length === 0) {
+          this.startToken.push(char);
+        } else {
+          result += this.flush() + char;
+        }
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      if (char === this.SQUARE_BRACKET_CLOSE) {
+        this.endToken.push(char);
+        if (this.startToken.length === this.endToken.length) {
+          const cIndex = Number(this.numberToken.join('').trim());
+          if (
+            cIndex > 0 &&
+            cIndex <= citations.length &&
+            contentArray[index + 1] !== this.PARENTHESES_OPEN
+          ) {
+            const content = `[^${cIndex}]`;
+            result += content;
+            this.resetToken();
+          } else {
+            result += this.flush();
+          }
+        } else if (this.startToken.length < this.endToken.length) {
+          result += this.flush();
+        }
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      if (this.isNumeric(char)) {
+        if (this.startToken.length > 0) {
+          this.numberToken.push(char);
+        } else {
+          result += this.flush() + char;
+        }
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      if (this.startToken.length > 0) {
+        result += this.flush() + char;
+      } else {
+        result += char;
+      }
+    }
+
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  public end() {
+    return this.flush() + '\n' + this.getFootnotes();
+  }
+
+  private flush() {
+    const content = this.getTokenContent();
+    this.resetToken();
+    return content;
+  }
+
+  private getFootnotes() {
+    const footnotes = this.citations.map((citation, index) => {
+      return `[^${index + 1}]: {"type":"url","url":"${encodeURIComponent(
+        citation
+      )}"}`;
+    });
+    return footnotes.join('\n');
+  }
+
+  private getTokenContent() {
+    return this.startToken.concat(this.numberToken, this.endToken).join('');
+  }
+
+  private resetToken() {
+    this.startToken = [];
+    this.endToken = [];
+    this.numberToken = [];
+  }
+
+  private isNumeric(str: string) {
+    return !isNaN(Number(str)) && str.trim() !== '';
+  }
+}
diff --git a/packages/frontend/media-capture-playground/package.json b/packages/frontend/media-capture-playground/package.json
index 7acb1df47..c5bc067e2 100644
--- a/packages/frontend/media-capture-playground/package.json
+++ b/packages/frontend/media-capture-playground/package.json
@@ -23,11 +23,9 @@
     "fs-extra": "^11.3.0",
     "lodash-es": "^4.17.21",
     "multer": "^1.4.5-lts.1",
-    "openai": "^4.85.1",
     "react": "^19.0.0",
     "react-dom": "^19.0.0",
     "react-markdown": "^10.0.0",
-    "rxjs": "^7.8.1",
     "socket.io": "^4.7.4",
     "socket.io-client": "^4.7.4",
     "swr": "^2.3.2",
diff --git a/yarn.lock b/yarn.lock
index e79890974..afefdb8ec 100644
--- a/yarn.lock
+++ b/yarn.lock
@@ -706,11 +706,9 @@ __metadata:
     fs-extra: "npm:^11.3.0"
     lodash-es: "npm:^4.17.21"
     multer: "npm:^1.4.5-lts.1"
-    openai: "npm:^4.85.1"
     react: "npm:^19.0.0"
     react-dom: "npm:^19.0.0"
     react-markdown: "npm:^10.0.0"
-    rxjs: "npm:^7.8.1"
     socket.io: "npm:^4.7.4"
     socket.io-client: "npm:^4.7.4"
     swr: "npm:^2.3.2"
@@ -868,7 +866,9 @@ __metadata:
     "@affine-tools/utils": "workspace:*"
     "@affine/graphql": "workspace:*"
     "@affine/server-native": "workspace:*"
-    "@ai-sdk/google": "npm:^1.1.19"
+    "@ai-sdk/google": "npm:^1.2.10"
+    "@ai-sdk/openai": "npm:^1.3.9"
+    "@ai-sdk/perplexity": "npm:^1.1.6"
     "@apollo/server": "npm:^4.11.3"
     "@aws-sdk/client-s3": "npm:^3.779.0"
     "@aws-sdk/s3-request-presigner": "npm:^3.779.0"
@@ -937,7 +937,6 @@ __metadata:
     date-fns: "npm:^4.0.0"
     dotenv: "npm:^16.4.7"
     eventemitter2: "npm:^6.4.9"
-    eventsource-parser: "npm:^3.0.0"
     express: "npm:^5.0.1"
     fast-xml-parser: "npm:^5.0.0"
     get-stream: "npm:^9.0.1"
@@ -960,7 +959,6 @@ __metadata:
     nodemailer: "npm:^6.9.16"
     nodemon: "npm:^3.1.7"
     on-headers: "npm:^1.0.2"
-    openai: "npm:^4.83.0"
     piscina: "npm:^5.0.0-alpha.0"
     prisma: "npm:^5.22.0"
     react: "npm:19.1.0"
@@ -1031,15 +1029,39 @@ __metadata:
   languageName: unknown
   linkType: soft
 
-"@ai-sdk/google@npm:^1.1.19":
-  version: 1.2.5
-  resolution: "@ai-sdk/google@npm:1.2.5"
+"@ai-sdk/google@npm:^1.2.10":
+  version: 1.2.10
+  resolution: "@ai-sdk/google@npm:1.2.10"
   dependencies:
-    "@ai-sdk/provider": "npm:1.1.0"
-    "@ai-sdk/provider-utils": "npm:2.2.3"
+    "@ai-sdk/provider": "npm:1.1.2"
+    "@ai-sdk/provider-utils": "npm:2.2.6"
   peerDependencies:
     zod: ^3.0.0
-  checksum: 10/2de826ea7bea96a90f87a441b341e969541a5490d1c8d4d4355088bbad5a2169e63d3f3f5fce4ef462611b1ec496430e73d1e249cf989d016a75c96d0cca0a07
+  checksum: 10/537473bf694bedf7de1a239d392fc97b1cc1799fab39d375fdd0989b1d7cef7bbe7cc4b93a320e4de9062735ffa33446e95f028fd29a911625eda7ca185a6241
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
+"@ai-sdk/openai@npm:^1.3.9":
+  version: 1.3.9
+  resolution: "@ai-sdk/openai@npm:1.3.9"
+  dependencies:
+    "@ai-sdk/provider": "npm:1.1.2"
+    "@ai-sdk/provider-utils": "npm:2.2.6"
+  peerDependencies:
+    zod: ^3.0.0
+  checksum: 10/85f1f1581c9124323e3ae01e75dca3aa02566a91ffd0ff5cd6c579f73909811e55bfd44411a1c4bdb44c23ba625a43eaba0a1ef13c971d9f9224d3bfc4e112f1
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
+"@ai-sdk/perplexity@npm:^1.1.6":
+  version: 1.1.6
+  resolution: "@ai-sdk/perplexity@npm:1.1.6"
+  dependencies:
+    "@ai-sdk/provider": "npm:1.1.2"
+    "@ai-sdk/provider-utils": "npm:2.2.6"
+  peerDependencies:
+    zod: ^3.0.0
+  checksum: 10/9afc59654949794b5dab5886e0374176284b6e12bc57625e918d7a054d48b10bec9115f7f35cc87cccee2dcc4a99fd67c84e96832cfa05c9c0f9149b5ecc1bfe
   languageName: node
   linkType: hard
 
@@ -1056,6 +1078,19 @@ __metadata:
   languageName: node
   linkType: hard
 
+"@ai-sdk/provider-utils@npm:2.2.6":
+  version: 2.2.6
+  resolution: "@ai-sdk/provider-utils@npm:2.2.6"
+  dependencies:
+    "@ai-sdk/provider": "npm:1.1.2"
+    nanoid: "npm:^3.3.8"
+    secure-json-parse: "npm:^2.7.0"
+  peerDependencies:
+    zod: ^3.23.8
+  checksum: 10/2bf53d6c49e5e721a15ab36746edfb0839dba104d32efd5a8f336276097c2a56cbbefa1dc164f307f495a659fa33256bdd0465462b8d172510c80d1123552c47
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
 "@ai-sdk/provider@npm:1.1.0":
   version: 1.1.0
   resolution: "@ai-sdk/provider@npm:1.1.0"
@@ -1065,6 +1100,15 @@ __metadata:
   languageName: node
   linkType: hard
 
+"@ai-sdk/provider@npm:1.1.2":
+  version: 1.1.2
+  resolution: "@ai-sdk/provider@npm:1.1.2"
+  dependencies:
+    json-schema: "npm:^0.4.0"
+  checksum: 10/1e5b6e695f834ab375c25b750292f60e378c17cf047a2cd62e8829c6e4bbe1582331afa8606333b5b6a5fe77ff434e5d9389a381ace4a58b12da0297a36bb626
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
 "@ai-sdk/react@npm:1.2.5":
   version: 1.2.5
   resolution: "@ai-sdk/react@npm:1.2.5"
@@ -14983,7 +15027,7 @@ __metadata:
   languageName: node
   linkType: hard
 
-"@types/node-fetch@npm:^2.6.1, @types/node-fetch@npm:^2.6.4":
+"@types/node-fetch@npm:^2.6.1":
   version: 2.6.12
   resolution: "@types/node-fetch@npm:2.6.12"
   dependencies:
@@ -15011,15 +15055,6 @@ __metadata:
   languageName: node
   linkType: hard
 
-"@types/node@npm:^18.11.18":
-  version: 18.19.86
-  resolution: "@types/node@npm:18.19.86"
-  dependencies:
-    undici-types: "npm:~5.26.4"
-  checksum: 10/83e8f07305b102776c1970c2fbe2347eba15f6cca3d50cf8991d5f4e463ee7e204fbb3dec599892d25e613ed3b93f7fb5794b0de874ea6ba884affbe99670cc2
-  languageName: node
-  linkType: hard
-
 "@types/nodemailer@npm:^6.4.17":
   version: 6.4.17
   resolution: "@types/nodemailer@npm:6.4.17"
@@ -16198,15 +16233,6 @@ __metadata:
   languageName: node
   linkType: hard
 
-"abort-controller@npm:^3.0.0":
-  version: 3.0.0
-  resolution: "abort-controller@npm:3.0.0"
-  dependencies:
-    event-target-shim: "npm:^5.0.0"
-  checksum: 10/ed84af329f1828327798229578b4fe03a4dd2596ba304083ebd2252666bdc1d7647d66d0b18704477e1f8aa315f055944aa6e859afebd341f12d0a53c37b4b40
-  languageName: node
-  linkType: hard
-
 "accepts@npm:^2.0.0":
   version: 2.0.0
   resolution: "accepts@npm:2.0.0"
@@ -17623,38 +17649,6 @@ __metadata:
   languageName: node
   linkType: hard
 
-"call-bind-apply-helpers@npm:^1.0.0, call-bind-apply-helpers@npm:^1.0.1, call-bind-apply-helpers@npm:^1.0.2":
-  version: 1.0.2
-  resolution: "call-bind-apply-helpers@npm:1.0.2"
-  dependencies:
-    es-errors: "npm:^1.3.0"
-    function-bind: "npm:^1.1.2"
-  checksum: 10/00482c1f6aa7cfb30fb1dbeb13873edf81cfac7c29ed67a5957d60635a56b2a4a480f1016ddbdb3395cc37900d46037fb965043a51c5c789ffeab4fc535d18b5
-  languageName: node
-  linkType: hard
-
-"call-bind@npm:^1.0.8":
-  version: 1.0.8
-  resolution: "call-bind@npm:1.0.8"
-  dependencies:
-    call-bind-apply-helpers: "npm:^1.0.0"
-    es-define-property: "npm:^1.0.0"
-    get-intrinsic: "npm:^1.2.4"
-    set-function-length: "npm:^1.2.2"
-  checksum: 10/659b03c79bbfccf0cde3a79e7d52570724d7290209823e1ca5088f94b52192dc1836b82a324d0144612f816abb2f1734447438e38d9dafe0b3f82c2a1b9e3bce
-  languageName: node
-  linkType: hard
-
-"call-bound@npm:^1.0.3":
-  version: 1.0.4
-  resolution: "call-bound@npm:1.0.4"
-  dependencies:
-    call-bind-apply-helpers: "npm:^1.0.2"
-    get-intrinsic: "npm:^1.3.0"
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