From c5d622531cede9abf9b8aaef1a375aaa59083ba0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: DarkSky <25152247+darkskygit@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 2 Mar 2026 13:57:55 +0800
Subject: [PATCH] feat: refactor copilot module (#14537)

---
 .docker/selfhost/schema.json                  |  10 +
 Cargo.lock                                    | 515 +++++++++++-
 Cargo.toml                                    |   1 +
 .../blocks/bookmark/src/bookmark-block.ts     |   4 +-
 .../components/src/link-preview/link.ts       |  22 +-
 .../src/footnote-node/footnote-node.ts        |   5 +-
 blocksuite/affine/shared/src/utils/url.ts     |   6 +
 package.json                                  |   2 +-
 packages/backend/native/Cargo.toml            |   3 +
 packages/backend/native/index.d.ts            |   8 +
 packages/backend/native/src/lib.rs            |   1 +
 packages/backend/native/src/llm.rs            | 339 ++++++++
 packages/backend/server/package.json          |   8 +-
 .../__snapshots__/copilot.e2e.ts.snap         | Bin 1167 -> 0 bytes
 .../__tests__/__snapshots__/worker.e2e.ts.md  |   4 +-
 .../__snapshots__/worker.e2e.ts.snap          | Bin 950 -> 1005 bytes
 .../__snapshots__/copilot.e2e.ts.md           |   8 +-
 .../copilot/__snapshots__/copilot.e2e.ts.snap | Bin 0 -> 1175 bytes
 .../__snapshots__/copilot.spec.ts.md          |   0
 .../__snapshots__/copilot.spec.ts.snap        | Bin
 .../{ => copilot}/copilot-provider.spec.ts    |  24 +-
 .../__tests__/{ => copilot}/copilot.e2e.ts    |  40 +-
 .../__tests__/{ => copilot}/copilot.spec.ts   | 139 +++-
 .../__tests__/copilot/native-adapter.spec.ts  | 210 +++++
 .../copilot/provider-middleware.spec.ts       |  56 ++
 .../__tests__/copilot/provider-native.spec.ts |  99 +++
 .../copilot/provider-registry.spec.ts         | 165 ++++
 .../__tests__/copilot/tool-call-loop.spec.ts  | 134 ++++
 .../src/__tests__/copilot/utils.spec.ts       | 116 +++
 .../server/src/__tests__/native.spec.ts       |  82 ++
 .../server/src/__tests__/utils/copilot.ts     |  25 +-
 .../server/src/__tests__/worker.e2e.ts        |  80 +-
 .../server/src/core/telemetry/ga4-client.ts   |  14 +-
 packages/backend/server/src/native.ts         | 313 ++++++++
 .../server/src/plugins/copilot/config.ts      | 188 ++++-
 .../server/src/plugins/copilot/controller.ts  |  58 --
 .../src/plugins/copilot/prompt/prompts.ts     |   9 +-
 .../src/plugins/copilot/prompt/service.ts     | 290 +++++--
 .../copilot/providers/anthropic/anthropic.ts  | 244 +++---
 .../copilot/providers/anthropic/official.ts   |  10 -
 .../copilot/providers/anthropic/vertex.ts     |   9 +-
 .../src/plugins/copilot/providers/factory.ts  | 221 ++++-
 .../src/plugins/copilot/providers/loop.ts     | 381 +++++++++
 .../src/plugins/copilot/providers/morph.ts    | 137 ++--
 .../src/plugins/copilot/providers/native.ts   | 464 +++++++++++
 .../src/plugins/copilot/providers/openai.ts   | 755 +++++++++++-------
 .../plugins/copilot/providers/perplexity.ts   | 195 ++---
 .../copilot/providers/provider-middleware.ts  |  98 +++
 .../copilot/providers/provider-registry.ts    | 273 +++++++
 .../src/plugins/copilot/providers/provider.ts |  73 +-
 .../src/plugins/copilot/providers/utils.ts    |  72 +-
 .../server/src/plugins/copilot/resolver.ts    | 165 +---
 .../server/src/plugins/copilot/session.ts     |  40 +-
 .../src/plugins/copilot/tools/blob-read.ts    |  18 +-
 .../server/src/plugins/worker/controller.ts   |  86 +-
 packages/backend/server/src/schema.gql        |  62 +-
 .../src/graphql/admin/copilot-prompt-list.gql |  18 -
 .../graphql/admin/copilot-prompt-update.gql   |  21 -
 .../copilot-history-list-doc-sessions.gql     |   2 +-
 .../copilot-history-list-pinned-session.gql   |   2 +-
 ...opilot-history-list-workspace-sessions.gql |   2 +-
 .../src/graphql/copilot-history-list.gql      |   2 +-
 .../copilot-session-create-with-history.gql   |   7 +
 .../copilot-session-get-latest-doc.gql        |   2 +-
 .../src/graphql/copilot-session-get.gql       |   2 +-
 .../graphql/copilot-session-list-recent.gql   |   2 +-
 .../src/graphql/copilot-sessions-get.gql      |   2 +-
 .../fragments/copilot-chat-history.gql        |  30 +
 .../graphql/src/graphql/fragments/copilot.gql |  49 --
 .../fragments/paginated-copilot-chats.gql     |  16 +
 packages/common/graphql/src/graphql/index.ts  | 131 +--
 packages/common/graphql/src/schema.ts         | 294 +++----
 packages/frontend/admin/src/config.json       |   8 +
 .../admin/src/modules/ai/edit-prompt.tsx      | 146 ----
 .../frontend/admin/src/modules/ai/index.tsx   |   1 -
 .../frontend/admin/src/modules/ai/prompts.tsx | 108 ---
 .../admin/src/modules/ai/use-prompt.ts        |  51 --
 .../core/src/blocksuite/ai/actions/types.ts   |   3 +
 .../ai-chat-toolbar/ai-session-history.ts     |  14 +-
 .../src/blocksuite/ai/provider/ai-provider.ts |   2 +
 .../blocksuite/ai/provider/copilot-client.ts  |  56 +-
 .../src/blocksuite/ai/provider/request.ts     | 148 ++--
 .../blocksuite/ai/provider/setup-provider.tsx |  17 +-
 .../providers/workspace-side-effects.tsx      |   9 +-
 .../desktop/pages/workspace/chat/index.tsx    | 163 ++--
 .../pages/workspace/detail-page/tabs/chat.tsx | 132 +--
 .../e2e/ai-action/explain-code.spec.ts        |   2 +-
 .../e2e/chat-with/attachments.spec.ts         |   5 +-
 .../e2e/settings/embedding.spec.ts            |  29 +-
 .../e2e/utils/chat-panel-utils.ts             | 128 ++-
 .../e2e/utils/editor-utils.ts                 |   2 +-
 yarn.lock                                     |  42 +-
 92 files changed, 5759 insertions(+), 2170 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 packages/backend/native/src/llm.rs
 delete mode 100644 packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/__snapshots__/copilot.e2e.ts.snap
 rename packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/{ => copilot}/__snapshots__/copilot.e2e.ts.md (95%)
 create mode 100644 packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/copilot/__snapshots__/copilot.e2e.ts.snap
 rename packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/{ => copilot}/__snapshots__/copilot.spec.ts.md (100%)
 rename packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/{ => copilot}/__snapshots__/copilot.spec.ts.snap (100%)
 rename packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/{ => copilot}/copilot-provider.spec.ts (97%)
 rename packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/{ => copilot}/copilot.e2e.ts (97%)
 rename packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/{ => copilot}/copilot.spec.ts (94%)
 create mode 100644 packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/copilot/native-adapter.spec.ts
 create mode 100644 packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/copilot/provider-middleware.spec.ts
 create mode 100644 packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/copilot/provider-native.spec.ts
 create mode 100644 packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/copilot/provider-registry.spec.ts
 create mode 100644 packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/copilot/tool-call-loop.spec.ts
 create mode 100644 packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/copilot/utils.spec.ts
 create mode 100644 packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/native.spec.ts
 create mode 100644 packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/providers/loop.ts
 create mode 100644 packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/providers/native.ts
 create mode 100644 packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/providers/provider-middleware.ts
 create mode 100644 packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/providers/provider-registry.ts
 delete mode 100644 packages/common/graphql/src/graphql/admin/copilot-prompt-list.gql
 delete mode 100644 packages/common/graphql/src/graphql/admin/copilot-prompt-update.gql
 create mode 100644 packages/common/graphql/src/graphql/copilot-session-create-with-history.gql
 create mode 100644 packages/common/graphql/src/graphql/fragments/copilot-chat-history.gql
 delete mode 100644 packages/common/graphql/src/graphql/fragments/copilot.gql
 create mode 100644 packages/common/graphql/src/graphql/fragments/paginated-copilot-chats.gql
 delete mode 100644 packages/frontend/admin/src/modules/ai/edit-prompt.tsx
 delete mode 100644 packages/frontend/admin/src/modules/ai/prompts.tsx
 delete mode 100644 packages/frontend/admin/src/modules/ai/use-prompt.ts

diff --git a/.docker/selfhost/schema.json b/.docker/selfhost/schema.json
index ef819a608..1feba431b 100644
--- a/.docker/selfhost/schema.json
+++ b/.docker/selfhost/schema.json
@@ -988,6 +988,16 @@
             }
           }
         },
+        "providers.profiles": {
+          "type": "array",
+          "description": "The profile list for copilot providers.\n@default []",
+          "default": []
+        },
+        "providers.defaults": {
+          "type": "object",
+          "description": "The default provider ids for model output types and global fallback.\n@default {}",
+          "default": {}
+        },
         "providers.openai": {
           "type": "object",
           "description": "The config for the openai provider.\n@default {\"apiKey\":\"\",\"baseURL\":\"https://api.openai.com/v1\"}\n@link https://github.com/openai/openai-node",
diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index cee519b41..f5fa56555 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -181,6 +181,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "chrono",
  "file-format",
  "infer",
+ "llm_adapter",
  "mimalloc",
  "mp4parse",
  "napi",
@@ -188,6 +189,8 @@ dependencies = [
  "napi-derive",
  "rand 0.9.2",
  "rayon",
+ "serde",
+ "serde_json",
  "sha3",
  "tiktoken-rs",
  "tokio",
@@ -245,7 +248,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "ed7572b7ba83a31e20d1b48970ee402d2e3e0537dcfe0a3ff4d6eb7508617d43"
 dependencies = [
  "alsa-sys",
- "bitflags 2.10.0",
+ "bitflags 2.11.0",
  "cfg-if",
  "libc",
 ]
@@ -458,6 +461,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "num-traits",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "atomic-waker"
+version = "1.1.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1505bd5d3d116872e7271a6d4e16d81d0c8570876c8de68093a09ac269d8aac0"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "auto_enums"
 version = "0.8.7"
@@ -476,6 +485,28 @@ version = "1.5.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "c08606f8c3cbf4ce6ec8e28fb0014a2c086708fe954eaa885384a6165172e7e8"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "aws-lc-rs"
+version = "1.16.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d9a7b350e3bb1767102698302bc37256cbd48422809984b98d292c40e2579aa9"
+dependencies = [
+ "aws-lc-sys",
+ "zeroize",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "aws-lc-sys"
+version = "0.37.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b092fe214090261288111db7a2b2c2118e5a7f30dc2569f1732c4069a6840549"
+dependencies = [
+ "cc",
+ "cmake",
+ "dunce",
+ "fs_extra",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "base64"
 version = "0.22.1"
@@ -533,7 +564,7 @@ version = "0.72.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "993776b509cfb49c750f11b8f07a46fa23e0a1386ffc01fb1e7d343efc387895"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.10.0",
+ "bitflags 2.11.0",
  "cexpr",
  "clang-sys",
  "itertools 0.13.0",
@@ -583,9 +614,9 @@ checksum = "bef38d45163c2f1dde094a7dfd33ccf595c92905c8f8f4fdc18d06fb1037718a"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "bitflags"
-version = "2.10.0"
+version = "2.11.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "812e12b5285cc515a9c72a5c1d3b6d46a19dac5acfef5265968c166106e31dd3"
+checksum = "843867be96c8daad0d758b57df9392b6d8d271134fce549de6ce169ff98a92af"
 dependencies = [
  "serde_core",
 ]
@@ -904,6 +935,15 @@ version = "0.7.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "a1d728cc89cf3aee9ff92b05e62b19ee65a02b5702cff7d5a377e32c6ae29d8d"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "cmake"
+version = "0.1.57"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "75443c44cd6b379beb8c5b45d85d0773baf31cce901fe7bb252f4eff3008ef7d"
+dependencies = [
+ "cc",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "colorchoice"
 version = "1.0.4"
@@ -983,7 +1023,7 @@ version = "0.24.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "fa95a34622365fa5bbf40b20b75dba8dfa8c94c734aea8ac9a5ca38af14316f1"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.10.0",
+ "bitflags 2.11.0",
  "core-foundation",
  "core-graphics-types",
  "foreign-types",
@@ -996,7 +1036,7 @@ version = "0.25.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "064badf302c3194842cf2c5d61f56cc88e54a759313879cdf03abdd27d0c3b97"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.10.0",
+ "bitflags 2.11.0",
  "core-foundation",
  "core-graphics-types",
  "foreign-types",
@@ -1009,7 +1049,7 @@ version = "0.2.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "3d44a101f213f6c4cdc1853d4b78aef6db6bdfa3468798cc1d9912f4735013eb"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.10.0",
+ "bitflags 2.11.0",
  "core-foundation",
  "libc",
 ]
@@ -1379,7 +1419,7 @@ version = "0.3.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "89a09f22a6c6069a18470eb92d2298acf25463f14256d24778e1230d789a2aec"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.10.0",
+ "bitflags 2.11.0",
  "block2",
  "libc",
  "objc2",
@@ -1442,6 +1482,12 @@ version = "0.0.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "f678cf4a922c215c63e0de95eb1ff08a958a81d47e485cf9da1e27bf6305cfa5"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "dunce"
+version = "1.0.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "92773504d58c093f6de2459af4af33faa518c13451eb8f2b5698ed3d36e7c813"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "ecb"
 version = "0.1.2"
@@ -1664,6 +1710,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "autocfg",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "fs_extra"
+version = "1.3.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "42703706b716c37f96a77aea830392ad231f44c9e9a67872fa5548707e11b11c"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "futf"
 version = "0.1.5"
@@ -1828,9 +1880,11 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "899def5c37c4fd7b2664648c28120ecec138e4d395b459e5ca34f9cce2dd77fd"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
+ "js-sys",
  "libc",
  "r-efi",
  "wasip2",
+ "wasm-bindgen",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1880,7 +1934,7 @@ version = "1.41.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "f0c43e7c3212bd992c11b6b9796563388170950521ae8487f5cdf6f6e792f1c8"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.10.0",
+ "bitflags 2.11.0",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
  "syn 1.0.109",
@@ -2003,6 +2057,105 @@ dependencies = [
  "syn 1.0.109",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "http"
+version = "1.4.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "e3ba2a386d7f85a81f119ad7498ebe444d2e22c2af0b86b069416ace48b3311a"
+dependencies = [
+ "bytes",
+ "itoa",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "http-body"
+version = "1.0.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1efedce1fb8e6913f23e0c92de8e62cd5b772a67e7b3946df930a62566c93184"
+dependencies = [
+ "bytes",
+ "http",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "http-body-util"
+version = "0.1.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b021d93e26becf5dc7e1b75b1bed1fd93124b374ceb73f43d4d4eafec896a64a"
+dependencies = [
+ "bytes",
+ "futures-core",
+ "http",
+ "http-body",
+ "pin-project-lite",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "httparse"
+version = "1.10.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "6dbf3de79e51f3d586ab4cb9d5c3e2c14aa28ed23d180cf89b4df0454a69cc87"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "hyper"
+version = "1.8.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "2ab2d4f250c3d7b1c9fcdff1cece94ea4e2dfbec68614f7b87cb205f24ca9d11"
+dependencies = [
+ "atomic-waker",
+ "bytes",
+ "futures-channel",
+ "futures-core",
+ "http",
+ "http-body",
+ "httparse",
+ "itoa",
+ "pin-project-lite",
+ "pin-utils",
+ "smallvec",
+ "tokio",
+ "want",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "hyper-rustls"
+version = "0.27.7"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "e3c93eb611681b207e1fe55d5a71ecf91572ec8a6705cdb6857f7d8d5242cf58"
+dependencies = [
+ "http",
+ "hyper",
+ "hyper-util",
+ "rustls",
+ "rustls-pki-types",
+ "tokio",
+ "tokio-rustls",
+ "tower-service",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "hyper-util"
+version = "0.1.20"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "96547c2556ec9d12fb1578c4eaf448b04993e7fb79cbaad930a656880a6bdfa0"
+dependencies = [
+ "base64",
+ "bytes",
+ "futures-channel",
+ "futures-util",
+ "http",
+ "http-body",
+ "hyper",
+ "ipnet",
+ "libc",
+ "percent-encoding",
+ "pin-project-lite",
+ "socket2",
+ "tokio",
+ "tower-service",
+ "tracing",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "iana-time-zone"
 version = "0.1.64"
@@ -2253,6 +2406,22 @@ dependencies = [
  "leaky-cow",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "ipnet"
+version = "2.11.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "469fb0b9cefa57e3ef31275ee7cacb78f2fdca44e4765491884a2b119d4eb130"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "iri-string"
+version = "0.7.10"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "c91338f0783edbd6195decb37bae672fd3b165faffb89bf7b9e6942f8b1a731a"
+dependencies = [
+ "memchr",
+ "serde",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "is-terminal"
 version = "0.4.17"
@@ -2376,9 +2545,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "keccak"
-version = "0.1.5"
+version = "0.1.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ecc2af9a1119c51f12a14607e783cb977bde58bc069ff0c3da1095e635d70654"
+checksum = "cb26cec98cce3a3d96cbb7bced3c4b16e3d13f27ec56dbd62cbc8f39cfb9d653"
 dependencies = [
  "cpufeatures",
 ]
@@ -2490,7 +2659,7 @@ version = "0.1.12"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "3d0b95e02c851351f877147b7deea7b1afb1df71b63aa5f8270716e0c5720616"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.10.0",
+ "bitflags 2.11.0",
  "libc",
  "redox_syscall 0.7.0",
 ]
@@ -2518,6 +2687,19 @@ version = "0.8.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "6373607a59f0be73a39b6fe456b8192fcc3585f602af20751600e974dd455e77"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "llm_adapter"
+version = "0.1.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "8dd9a548766bccf8b636695e8d514edee672d180e96a16ab932c971783b4e353"
+dependencies = [
+ "base64",
+ "reqwest",
+ "serde",
+ "serde_json",
+ "thiserror 2.0.17",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "lock_api"
 version = "0.4.14"
@@ -2555,7 +2737,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "59fa2559e99ba0f26a12458aabc754432c805bbb8cba516c427825a997af1fb7"
 dependencies = [
  "aes",
- "bitflags 2.10.0",
+ "bitflags 2.11.0",
  "cbc",
  "ecb",
  "encoding_rs",
@@ -2583,6 +2765,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "hashbrown 0.16.1",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "lru-slab"
+version = "0.1.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "112b39cec0b298b6c1999fee3e31427f74f676e4cb9879ed1a121b43661a4154"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "mac"
 version = "0.1.1"
@@ -2741,7 +2929,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "000f205daae6646003fdc38517be6232af2b150bad4b67bdaf4c5aadb119d738"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
- "bitflags 2.10.0",
+ "bitflags 2.11.0",
  "chrono",
  "ctor",
  "futures",
@@ -2801,7 +2989,7 @@ version = "0.8.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "2076a31b7010b17a38c01907c45b945e8f11495ee4dd588309718901b1f7a5b7"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.10.0",
+ "bitflags 2.11.0",
  "jni-sys",
  "log",
  "ndk-sys",
@@ -2836,7 +3024,7 @@ version = "0.30.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "74523f3a35e05aba87a1d978330aef40f67b0304ac79c1c00b294c9830543db6"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.10.0",
+ "bitflags 2.11.0",
  "cfg-if",
  "cfg_aliases",
  "libc",
@@ -3000,7 +3188,7 @@ version = "0.3.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "2a180dd8642fa45cdb7dd721cd4c11b1cadd4929ce112ebd8b9f5803cc79d536"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.10.0",
+ "bitflags 2.11.0",
  "dispatch2",
  "objc2",
 ]
@@ -3017,7 +3205,7 @@ version = "0.3.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "e3e0adef53c21f888deb4fa59fc59f7eb17404926ee8a6f59f5df0fd7f9f3272"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.10.0",
+ "bitflags 2.11.0",
  "block2",
  "libc",
  "objc2",
@@ -3074,6 +3262,12 @@ version = "11.1.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "d6790f58c7ff633d8771f42965289203411a5e5c68388703c06e14f24770b41e"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "openssl-probe"
+version = "0.2.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "7c87def4c32ab89d880effc9e097653c8da5d6ef28e6b539d313baaacfbafcbe"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "ordered-float"
 version = "5.1.0"
@@ -3469,7 +3663,7 @@ checksum = "bee689443a2bd0a16ab0348b52ee43e3b2d1b1f931c8aa5c9f8de4c86fbe8c40"
 dependencies = [
  "bit-set 0.8.0",
  "bit-vec 0.8.0",
- "bitflags 2.10.0",
+ "bitflags 2.11.0",
  "num-traits",
  "rand 0.9.2",
  "rand_chacha 0.9.0",
@@ -3497,7 +3691,7 @@ version = "0.13.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "1e8bbe1a966bd2f362681a44f6edce3c2310ac21e4d5067a6e7ec396297a6ea0"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.10.0",
+ "bitflags 2.11.0",
  "getopts",
  "memchr",
  "pulldown-cmark-escape",
@@ -3516,6 +3710,62 @@ version = "1.2.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "a1d01941d82fa2ab50be1e79e6714289dd7cde78eba4c074bc5a4374f650dfe0"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "quinn"
+version = "0.11.9"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b9e20a958963c291dc322d98411f541009df2ced7b5a4f2bd52337638cfccf20"
+dependencies = [
+ "bytes",
+ "cfg_aliases",
+ "pin-project-lite",
+ "quinn-proto",
+ "quinn-udp",
+ "rustc-hash 2.1.1",
+ "rustls",
+ "socket2",
+ "thiserror 2.0.17",
+ "tokio",
+ "tracing",
+ "web-time",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "quinn-proto"
+version = "0.11.13"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f1906b49b0c3bc04b5fe5d86a77925ae6524a19b816ae38ce1e426255f1d8a31"
+dependencies = [
+ "aws-lc-rs",
+ "bytes",
+ "getrandom 0.3.4",
+ "lru-slab",
+ "rand 0.9.2",
+ "ring",
+ "rustc-hash 2.1.1",
+ "rustls",
+ "rustls-pki-types",
+ "slab",
+ "thiserror 2.0.17",
+ "tinyvec",
+ "tracing",
+ "web-time",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "quinn-udp"
+version = "0.5.14"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "addec6a0dcad8a8d96a771f815f0eaf55f9d1805756410b39f5fa81332574cbd"
+dependencies = [
+ "cfg_aliases",
+ "libc",
+ "once_cell",
+ "socket2",
+ "tracing",
+ "windows-sys 0.60.2",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "quote"
 version = "1.0.43"
@@ -3663,7 +3913,7 @@ version = "0.5.18"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "ed2bf2547551a7053d6fdfafda3f938979645c44812fbfcda098faae3f1a362d"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.10.0",
+ "bitflags 2.11.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3672,7 +3922,7 @@ version = "0.7.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "49f3fe0889e69e2ae9e41f4d6c4c0181701d00e4697b356fb1f74173a5e0ee27"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.10.0",
+ "bitflags 2.11.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3704,6 +3954,45 @@ version = "0.8.8"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "7a2d987857b319362043e95f5353c0535c1f58eec5336fdfcf626430af7def58"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "reqwest"
+version = "0.13.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ab3f43e3283ab1488b624b44b0e988d0acea0b3214e694730a055cb6b2efa801"
+dependencies = [
+ "base64",
+ "bytes",
+ "futures-channel",
+ "futures-core",
+ "futures-util",
+ "http",
+ "http-body",
+ "http-body-util",
+ "hyper",
+ "hyper-rustls",
+ "hyper-util",
+ "js-sys",
+ "log",
+ "percent-encoding",
+ "pin-project-lite",
+ "quinn",
+ "rustls",
+ "rustls-pki-types",
+ "rustls-platform-verifier",
+ "serde",
+ "serde_json",
+ "sync_wrapper",
+ "tokio",
+ "tokio-rustls",
+ "tower",
+ "tower-http",
+ "tower-service",
+ "url",
+ "wasm-bindgen",
+ "wasm-bindgen-futures",
+ "web-sys",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "ring"
 version = "0.17.14"
@@ -3831,7 +4120,7 @@ version = "1.1.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "146c9e247ccc180c1f61615433868c99f3de3ae256a30a43b49f67c2d9171f34"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.10.0",
+ "bitflags 2.11.0",
  "errno",
  "libc",
  "linux-raw-sys",
@@ -3844,6 +4133,7 @@ version = "0.23.36"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "c665f33d38cea657d9614f766881e4d510e0eda4239891eea56b4cadcf01801b"
 dependencies = [
+ "aws-lc-rs",
  "once_cell",
  "ring",
  "rustls-pki-types",
@@ -3852,21 +4142,62 @@ dependencies = [
  "zeroize",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "rustls-native-certs"
+version = "0.8.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "612460d5f7bea540c490b2b6395d8e34a953e52b491accd6c86c8164c5932a63"
+dependencies = [
+ "openssl-probe",
+ "rustls-pki-types",
+ "schannel",
+ "security-framework",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "rustls-pki-types"
 version = "1.13.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "21e6f2ab2928ca4291b86736a8bd920a277a399bba1589409d72154ff87c1282"
 dependencies = [
+ "web-time",
  "zeroize",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "rustls-platform-verifier"
+version = "0.6.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1d99feebc72bae7ab76ba994bb5e121b8d83d910ca40b36e0921f53becc41784"
+dependencies = [
+ "core-foundation",
+ "core-foundation-sys",
+ "jni",
+ "log",
+ "once_cell",
+ "rustls",
+ "rustls-native-certs",
+ "rustls-platform-verifier-android",
+ "rustls-webpki",
+ "security-framework",
+ "security-framework-sys",
+ "webpki-root-certs",
+ "windows-sys 0.61.2",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "rustls-platform-verifier-android"
+version = "0.1.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f87165f0995f63a9fbeea62b64d10b4d9d8e78ec6d7d51fb2125fda7bb36788f"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "rustls-webpki"
 version = "0.103.8"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "2ffdfa2f5286e2247234e03f680868ac2815974dc39e00ea15adc445d0aafe52"
 dependencies = [
+ "aws-lc-rs",
  "ring",
  "rustls-pki-types",
  "untrusted",
@@ -3905,6 +4236,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "winapi-util",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "schannel"
+version = "0.1.28"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "891d81b926048e76efe18581bf793546b4c0eaf8448d72be8de2bbee5fd166e1"
+dependencies = [
+ "windows-sys 0.61.2",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "scoped-tls"
 version = "1.0.1"
@@ -3953,6 +4293,29 @@ dependencies = [
  "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "security-framework"
+version = "3.7.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b7f4bc775c73d9a02cde8bf7b2ec4c9d12743edf609006c7facc23998404cd1d"
+dependencies = [
+ "bitflags 2.11.0",
+ "core-foundation",
+ "core-foundation-sys",
+ "libc",
+ "security-framework-sys",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "security-framework-sys"
+version = "2.17.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "6ce2691df843ecc5d231c0b14ece2acc3efb62c0a398c7e1d875f3983ce020e3"
+dependencies = [
+ "core-foundation-sys",
+ "libc",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "semver"
 version = "1.0.27"
@@ -4269,7 +4632,7 @@ checksum = "aa003f0038df784eb8fecbbac13affe3da23b45194bd57dba231c8f48199c526"
 dependencies = [
  "atoi",
  "base64",
- "bitflags 2.10.0",
+ "bitflags 2.11.0",
  "byteorder",
  "bytes",
  "chrono",
@@ -4312,7 +4675,7 @@ checksum = "db58fcd5a53cf07c184b154801ff91347e4c30d17a3562a635ff028ad5deda46"
 dependencies = [
  "atoi",
  "base64",
- "bitflags 2.10.0",
+ "bitflags 2.11.0",
  "byteorder",
  "chrono",
  "crc",
@@ -4678,6 +5041,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "unicode-ident",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "sync_wrapper"
+version = "1.0.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "0bf256ce5efdfa370213c1dabab5935a12e49f2c58d15e9eac2870d3b4f27263"
+dependencies = [
+ "futures-core",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "synstructure"
 version = "0.13.2"
@@ -4869,6 +5241,16 @@ dependencies = [
  "syn 2.0.114",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "tokio-rustls"
+version = "0.26.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1729aa945f29d91ba541258c8df89027d5792d85a8841fb65e8bf0f4ede4ef61"
+dependencies = [
+ "rustls",
+ "tokio",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "tokio-stream"
 version = "0.1.18"
@@ -4912,13 +5294,58 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "toml_parser"
-version = "1.0.6+spec-1.1.0"
+version = "1.0.9+spec-1.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a3198b4b0a8e11f09dd03e133c0280504d0801269e9afa46362ffde1cbeebf44"
+checksum = "702d4415e08923e7e1ef96cd5727c0dfed80b4d2fa25db9647fe5eb6f7c5a4c4"
 dependencies = [
  "winnow",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "tower"
+version = "0.5.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ebe5ef63511595f1344e2d5cfa636d973292adc0eec1f0ad45fae9f0851ab1d4"
+dependencies = [
+ "futures-core",
+ "futures-util",
+ "pin-project-lite",
+ "sync_wrapper",
+ "tokio",
+ "tower-layer",
+ "tower-service",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "tower-http"
+version = "0.6.8"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d4e6559d53cc268e5031cd8429d05415bc4cb4aefc4aa5d6cc35fbf5b924a1f8"
+dependencies = [
+ "bitflags 2.11.0",
+ "bytes",
+ "futures-util",
+ "http",
+ "http-body",
+ "iri-string",
+ "pin-project-lite",
+ "tower",
+ "tower-layer",
+ "tower-service",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "tower-layer"
+version = "0.3.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "121c2a6cda46980bb0fcd1647ffaf6cd3fc79a013de288782836f6df9c48780e"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "tower-service"
+version = "0.3.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "8df9b6e13f2d32c91b9bd719c00d1958837bc7dec474d94952798cc8e69eeec3"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "tracing"
 version = "0.1.44"
@@ -5121,6 +5548,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "tree-sitter-language",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "try-lock"
+version = "0.2.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "e421abadd41a4225275504ea4d6566923418b7f05506fbc9c0fe86ba7396114b"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "type1-encoding-parser"
 version = "0.1.0"
@@ -5441,6 +5874,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "winapi-util",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "want"
+version = "0.3.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "bfa7760aed19e106de2c7c0b581b509f2f25d3dacaf737cb82ac61bc6d760b0e"
+dependencies = [
+ "try-lock",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "wasi"
 version = "0.11.1+wasi-snapshot-preview1"
@@ -5530,6 +5972,25 @@ dependencies = [
  "wasm-bindgen",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "web-time"
+version = "1.1.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5a6580f308b1fad9207618087a65c04e7a10bc77e02c8e84e9b00dd4b12fa0bb"
+dependencies = [
+ "js-sys",
+ "wasm-bindgen",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "webpki-root-certs"
+version = "1.0.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "804f18a4ac2676ffb4e8b5b5fa9ae38af06df08162314f96a68d2a363e21a8ca"
+dependencies = [
+ "rustls-pki-types",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "webpki-roots"
 version = "0.26.11"
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index c64a29734..4f435f321 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ resolver = "3"
   lasso = { version = "0.7", features = ["multi-threaded"] }
   lib0 = { version = "0.16", features = ["lib0-serde"] }
   libc = "0.2"
+  llm_adapter = "0.1.1"
   log = "0.4"
   loom = { version = "0.7", features = ["checkpoint"] }
   lru = "0.16"
diff --git a/blocksuite/affine/blocks/bookmark/src/bookmark-block.ts b/blocksuite/affine/blocks/bookmark/src/bookmark-block.ts
index a591397ff..8d944a105 100644
--- a/blocksuite/affine/blocks/bookmark/src/bookmark-block.ts
+++ b/blocksuite/affine/blocks/bookmark/src/bookmark-block.ts
@@ -108,7 +108,9 @@ export class BookmarkBlockComponent extends CaptionedBlockComponent<BookmarkBloc
   }
 
   open = () => {
-    window.open(this.link, '_blank');
+    const link = this.link;
+    if (!link) return;
+    window.open(link, '_blank', 'noopener,noreferrer');
   };
 
   refreshData = () => {
diff --git a/blocksuite/affine/components/src/link-preview/link.ts b/blocksuite/affine/components/src/link-preview/link.ts
index 2fde9be69..201fc209b 100644
--- a/blocksuite/affine/components/src/link-preview/link.ts
+++ b/blocksuite/affine/components/src/link-preview/link.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
-import { getHostName } from '@blocksuite/affine-shared/utils';
+import {
+  getHostName,
+  isValidUrl,
+  normalizeUrl,
+} from '@blocksuite/affine-shared/utils';
 import { PropTypes, requiredProperties } from '@blocksuite/std';
 import { css, LitElement } from 'lit';
 import { property } from 'lit/decorators.js';
@@ -44,15 +48,27 @@ export class LinkPreview extends LitElement {
 
   override render() {
     const { url } = this;
+    const normalizedUrl = normalizeUrl(url);
+    const safeUrl =
+      normalizedUrl && isValidUrl(normalizedUrl) ? normalizedUrl : null;
+    const hostName = getHostName(safeUrl ?? url);
+
+    if (!safeUrl) {
+      return html`
+        <span class="affine-link-preview">
+          <span>${hostName}</span>
+        </span>
+      `;
+    }
 
     return html`
       <a
         class="affine-link-preview"
         rel="noopener noreferrer"
         target="_blank"
-        href=${url}
+        href=${safeUrl}
       >
-        <span>${getHostName(url)}</span>
+        <span>${hostName}</span>
       </a>
     `;
   }
diff --git a/blocksuite/affine/inlines/footnote/src/footnote-node/footnote-node.ts b/blocksuite/affine/inlines/footnote/src/footnote-node/footnote-node.ts
index 8a02e583c..f0bbcf205 100644
--- a/blocksuite/affine/inlines/footnote/src/footnote-node/footnote-node.ts
+++ b/blocksuite/affine/inlines/footnote/src/footnote-node/footnote-node.ts
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import type { FootNote } from '@blocksuite/affine-model';
 import { CitationProvider } from '@blocksuite/affine-shared/services';
 import { unsafeCSSVarV2 } from '@blocksuite/affine-shared/theme';
 import type { AffineTextAttributes } from '@blocksuite/affine-shared/types';
+import { isValidUrl, normalizeUrl } from '@blocksuite/affine-shared/utils';
 import { WithDisposable } from '@blocksuite/global/lit';
 import {
   BlockSelection,
@@ -152,7 +153,9 @@ export class AffineFootnoteNode extends WithDisposable(ShadowlessElement) {
   };
 
   private readonly _handleUrlReference = (url: string) => {
-    window.open(url, '_blank');
+    const normalizedUrl = normalizeUrl(url);
+    if (!normalizedUrl || !isValidUrl(normalizedUrl)) return;
+    window.open(normalizedUrl, '_blank', 'noopener,noreferrer');
   };
 
   private readonly _updateFootnoteAttributes = (footnote: FootNote) => {
diff --git a/blocksuite/affine/shared/src/utils/url.ts b/blocksuite/affine/shared/src/utils/url.ts
index f1a67a2ab..4c0f97d27 100644
--- a/blocksuite/affine/shared/src/utils/url.ts
+++ b/blocksuite/affine/shared/src/utils/url.ts
@@ -24,6 +24,11 @@ const toURL = (str: string) => {
   }
 };
 
+const hasAllowedScheme = (url: URL) => {
+  const protocol = url.protocol.slice(0, -1).toLowerCase();
+  return ALLOWED_SCHEMES.has(protocol);
+};
+
 function resolveURL(str: string, baseUrl: string, padded = false) {
   const url = toURL(str);
   if (!url) return null;
@@ -61,6 +66,7 @@ export function normalizeUrl(str: string) {
 
   // Formatted
   if (url) {
+    if (!hasAllowedScheme(url)) return '';
     if (!str.endsWith('/') && url.href.endsWith('/')) {
       return url.href.substring(0, url.href.length - 1);
     }
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index e89c8b981..45a396526 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
     "af": "r affine.ts",
     "dev": "yarn affine dev",
     "build": "yarn affine build",
-    "lint:eslint": "cross-env NODE_OPTIONS=\"--max-old-space-size=8192\" eslint --report-unused-disable-directives-severity=off . --cache",
+    "lint:eslint": "cross-env NODE_OPTIONS=\"--max-old-space-size=16384\" eslint --report-unused-disable-directives-severity=off . --cache",
     "lint:eslint:fix": "yarn lint:eslint --fix --fix-type problem,suggestion,layout",
     "lint:prettier": "prettier --ignore-unknown --cache --check .",
     "lint:prettier:fix": "prettier --ignore-unknown --cache --write .",
diff --git a/packages/backend/native/Cargo.toml b/packages/backend/native/Cargo.toml
index faecf5eeb..e286123bd 100644
--- a/packages/backend/native/Cargo.toml
+++ b/packages/backend/native/Cargo.toml
@@ -17,10 +17,13 @@ affine_common = { workspace = true, features = [
 chrono = { workspace = true }
 file-format = { workspace = true }
 infer = { workspace = true }
+llm_adapter = { workspace = true }
 mp4parse = { workspace = true }
 napi = { workspace = true, features = ["async"] }
 napi-derive = { workspace = true }
 rand = { workspace = true }
+serde = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
+serde_json = { workspace = true }
 sha3 = { workspace = true }
 tiktoken-rs = { workspace = true }
 v_htmlescape = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/packages/backend/native/index.d.ts b/packages/backend/native/index.d.ts
index 825cf5dbd..785572f20 100644
--- a/packages/backend/native/index.d.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/native/index.d.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
 /* auto-generated by NAPI-RS */
 /* eslint-disable */
+export declare class LlmStreamHandle {
+  abort(): void
+}
+
 export declare class Tokenizer {
   count(content: string, allowedSpecial?: Array<string> | undefined | null): number
 }
@@ -46,6 +50,10 @@ export declare function getMime(input: Uint8Array): string
 
 export declare function htmlSanitize(input: string): string
 
+export declare function llmDispatch(protocol: string, backendConfigJson: string, requestJson: string): string
+
+export declare function llmDispatchStream(protocol: string, backendConfigJson: string, requestJson: string, callback: ((err: Error | null, arg: string) => void)): LlmStreamHandle
+
 /**
  * Merge updates in form like `Y.applyUpdate(doc, update)` way and return the
  * result binary.
diff --git a/packages/backend/native/src/lib.rs b/packages/backend/native/src/lib.rs
index 253c49285..0332c5375 100644
--- a/packages/backend/native/src/lib.rs
+++ b/packages/backend/native/src/lib.rs
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ pub mod doc_loader;
 pub mod file_type;
 pub mod hashcash;
 pub mod html_sanitize;
+pub mod llm;
 pub mod tiktoken;
 
 use affine_common::napi_utils::map_napi_err;
diff --git a/packages/backend/native/src/llm.rs b/packages/backend/native/src/llm.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..718db3dbd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/backend/native/src/llm.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,339 @@
+use std::sync::{
+  Arc,
+  atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering},
+};
+
+use llm_adapter::{
+  backend::{
+    BackendConfig, BackendError, BackendProtocol, ReqwestHttpClient, dispatch_request, dispatch_stream_events_with,
+  },
+  core::{CoreRequest, StreamEvent},
+  middleware::{
+    MiddlewareConfig, PipelineContext, RequestMiddleware, StreamMiddleware, citation_indexing, clamp_max_tokens,
+    normalize_messages, run_request_middleware_chain, run_stream_middleware_chain, stream_event_normalize,
+    tool_schema_rewrite,
+  },
+};
+use napi::{
+  Error, Result, Status,
+  threadsafe_function::{ThreadsafeFunction, ThreadsafeFunctionCallMode},
+};
+use serde::Deserialize;
+
+pub const STREAM_END_MARKER: &str = "__AFFINE_LLM_STREAM_END__";
+const STREAM_ABORTED_REASON: &str = "__AFFINE_LLM_STREAM_ABORTED__";
+const STREAM_CALLBACK_DISPATCH_FAILED_REASON: &str = "__AFFINE_LLM_STREAM_CALLBACK_DISPATCH_FAILED__";
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(default)]
+struct LlmMiddlewarePayload {
+  request: Vec<String>,
+  stream: Vec<String>,
+  config: MiddlewareConfig,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
+struct LlmDispatchPayload {
+  #[serde(flatten)]
+  request: CoreRequest,
+  #[serde(default)]
+  middleware: LlmMiddlewarePayload,
+}
+
+#[napi]
+pub struct LlmStreamHandle {
+  aborted: Arc<AtomicBool>,
+}
+
+#[napi]
+impl LlmStreamHandle {
+  #[napi]
+  pub fn abort(&self) {
+    self.aborted.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
+  }
+}
+
+#[napi(catch_unwind)]
+pub fn llm_dispatch(protocol: String, backend_config_json: String, request_json: String) -> Result<String> {
+  let protocol = parse_protocol(&protocol)?;
+  let config: BackendConfig = serde_json::from_str(&backend_config_json).map_err(map_json_error)?;
+  let payload: LlmDispatchPayload = serde_json::from_str(&request_json).map_err(map_json_error)?;
+  let request = apply_request_middlewares(payload.request, &payload.middleware)?;
+
+  let response =
+    dispatch_request(&ReqwestHttpClient::default(), &config, protocol, &request).map_err(map_backend_error)?;
+
+  serde_json::to_string(&response).map_err(map_json_error)
+}
+
+#[napi(catch_unwind)]
+pub fn llm_dispatch_stream(
+  protocol: String,
+  backend_config_json: String,
+  request_json: String,
+  callback: ThreadsafeFunction<String, ()>,
+) -> Result<LlmStreamHandle> {
+  let protocol = parse_protocol(&protocol)?;
+  let config: BackendConfig = serde_json::from_str(&backend_config_json).map_err(map_json_error)?;
+  let payload: LlmDispatchPayload = serde_json::from_str(&request_json).map_err(map_json_error)?;
+  let request = apply_request_middlewares(payload.request, &payload.middleware)?;
+  let middleware = payload.middleware.clone();
+
+  let aborted = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));
+  let aborted_in_worker = aborted.clone();
+
+  std::thread::spawn(move || {
+    let chain = match resolve_stream_chain(&middleware.stream) {
+      Ok(chain) => chain,
+      Err(error) => {
+        emit_error_event(&callback, error.reason.clone(), "middleware_error");
+        let _ = callback.call(
+          Ok(STREAM_END_MARKER.to_string()),
+          ThreadsafeFunctionCallMode::NonBlocking,
+        );
+        return;
+      }
+    };
+    let mut pipeline = StreamPipeline::new(chain, middleware.config.clone());
+    let mut aborted_by_user = false;
+    let mut callback_dispatch_failed = false;
+
+    let result = dispatch_stream_events_with(&ReqwestHttpClient::default(), &config, protocol, &request, |event| {
+      if aborted_in_worker.load(Ordering::Relaxed) {
+        aborted_by_user = true;
+        return Err(BackendError::Http(STREAM_ABORTED_REASON.to_string()));
+      }
+
+      for event in pipeline.process(event) {
+        let status = emit_stream_event(&callback, &event);
+        if status != Status::Ok {
+          callback_dispatch_failed = true;
+          return Err(BackendError::Http(format!(
+            "{STREAM_CALLBACK_DISPATCH_FAILED_REASON}:{status}"
+          )));
+        }
+      }
+
+      Ok(())
+    });
+
+    if !aborted_by_user {
+      for event in pipeline.finish() {
+        if aborted_in_worker.load(Ordering::Relaxed) {
+          aborted_by_user = true;
+          break;
+        }
+        if emit_stream_event(&callback, &event) != Status::Ok {
+          callback_dispatch_failed = true;
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    if let Err(error) = result
+      && !aborted_by_user
+      && !callback_dispatch_failed
+      && !is_abort_error(&error)
+      && !is_callback_dispatch_failed_error(&error)
+    {
+      emit_error_event(&callback, error.to_string(), "dispatch_error");
+    }
+
+    if !callback_dispatch_failed {
+      let _ = callback.call(
+        Ok(STREAM_END_MARKER.to_string()),
+        ThreadsafeFunctionCallMode::NonBlocking,
+      );
+    }
+  });
+
+  Ok(LlmStreamHandle { aborted })
+}
+
+fn apply_request_middlewares(request: CoreRequest, middleware: &LlmMiddlewarePayload) -> Result<CoreRequest> {
+  let chain = resolve_request_chain(&middleware.request)?;
+  Ok(run_request_middleware_chain(request, &middleware.config, &chain))
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+struct StreamPipeline {
+  chain: Vec<StreamMiddleware>,
+  config: MiddlewareConfig,
+  context: PipelineContext,
+}
+
+impl StreamPipeline {
+  fn new(chain: Vec<StreamMiddleware>, config: MiddlewareConfig) -> Self {
+    Self {
+      chain,
+      config,
+      context: PipelineContext::default(),
+    }
+  }
+
+  fn process(&mut self, event: StreamEvent) -> Vec<StreamEvent> {
+    run_stream_middleware_chain(event, &mut self.context, &self.config, &self.chain)
+  }
+
+  fn finish(&mut self) -> Vec<StreamEvent> {
+    self.context.flush_pending_deltas();
+    self.context.drain_queued_events()
+  }
+}
+
+fn emit_stream_event(callback: &ThreadsafeFunction<String, ()>, event: &StreamEvent) -> Status {
+  let value = serde_json::to_string(event).unwrap_or_else(|error| {
+    serde_json::json!({
+      "type": "error",
+      "message": format!("failed to serialize stream event: {error}"),
+    })
+    .to_string()
+  });
+
+  callback.call(Ok(value), ThreadsafeFunctionCallMode::NonBlocking)
+}
+
+fn emit_error_event(callback: &ThreadsafeFunction<String, ()>, message: String, code: &str) {
+  let error_event = serde_json::to_string(&StreamEvent::Error {
+    message: message.clone(),
+    code: Some(code.to_string()),
+  })
+  .unwrap_or_else(|_| {
+    serde_json::json!({
+      "type": "error",
+      "message": message,
+      "code": code,
+    })
+    .to_string()
+  });
+
+  let _ = callback.call(Ok(error_event), ThreadsafeFunctionCallMode::NonBlocking);
+}
+
+fn is_abort_error(error: &BackendError) -> bool {
+  matches!(
+    error,
+    BackendError::Http(reason) if reason == STREAM_ABORTED_REASON
+  )
+}
+
+fn is_callback_dispatch_failed_error(error: &BackendError) -> bool {
+  matches!(
+    error,
+    BackendError::Http(reason) if reason.starts_with(STREAM_CALLBACK_DISPATCH_FAILED_REASON)
+  )
+}
+
+fn resolve_request_chain(request: &[String]) -> Result<Vec<RequestMiddleware>> {
+  if request.is_empty() {
+    return Ok(vec![normalize_messages, tool_schema_rewrite]);
+  }
+
+  request
+    .iter()
+    .map(|name| match name.as_str() {
+      "normalize_messages" => Ok(normalize_messages as RequestMiddleware),
+      "clamp_max_tokens" => Ok(clamp_max_tokens as RequestMiddleware),
+      "tool_schema_rewrite" => Ok(tool_schema_rewrite as RequestMiddleware),
+      _ => Err(Error::new(
+        Status::InvalidArg,
+        format!("Unsupported request middleware: {name}"),
+      )),
+    })
+    .collect()
+}
+
+fn resolve_stream_chain(stream: &[String]) -> Result<Vec<StreamMiddleware>> {
+  if stream.is_empty() {
+    return Ok(vec![stream_event_normalize, citation_indexing]);
+  }
+
+  stream
+    .iter()
+    .map(|name| match name.as_str() {
+      "stream_event_normalize" => Ok(stream_event_normalize as StreamMiddleware),
+      "citation_indexing" => Ok(citation_indexing as StreamMiddleware),
+      _ => Err(Error::new(
+        Status::InvalidArg,
+        format!("Unsupported stream middleware: {name}"),
+      )),
+    })
+    .collect()
+}
+
+fn parse_protocol(protocol: &str) -> Result<BackendProtocol> {
+  match protocol {
+    "openai_chat" | "openai-chat" | "openai_chat_completions" | "chat-completions" | "chat_completions" => {
+      Ok(BackendProtocol::OpenaiChatCompletions)
+    }
+    "openai_responses" | "openai-responses" | "responses" => Ok(BackendProtocol::OpenaiResponses),
+    "anthropic" | "anthropic_messages" | "anthropic-messages" => Ok(BackendProtocol::AnthropicMessages),
+    other => Err(Error::new(
+      Status::InvalidArg,
+      format!("Unsupported llm backend protocol: {other}"),
+    )),
+  }
+}
+
+fn map_json_error(error: serde_json::Error) -> Error {
+  Error::new(Status::InvalidArg, format!("Invalid JSON payload: {error}"))
+}
+
+fn map_backend_error(error: BackendError) -> Error {
+  Error::new(Status::GenericFailure, error.to_string())
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+  use super::*;
+
+  #[test]
+  fn should_parse_supported_protocol_aliases() {
+    assert!(parse_protocol("openai_chat").is_ok());
+    assert!(parse_protocol("chat-completions").is_ok());
+    assert!(parse_protocol("responses").is_ok());
+    assert!(parse_protocol("anthropic").is_ok());
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn should_reject_unsupported_protocol() {
+    let error = parse_protocol("unknown").unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(error.status, Status::InvalidArg);
+    assert!(error.reason.contains("Unsupported llm backend protocol"));
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn llm_dispatch_should_reject_invalid_backend_json() {
+    let error = llm_dispatch("openai_chat".to_string(), "{".to_string(), "{}".to_string()).unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(error.status, Status::InvalidArg);
+    assert!(error.reason.contains("Invalid JSON payload"));
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn map_json_error_should_use_invalid_arg_status() {
+    let parse_error = serde_json::from_str::<serde_json::Value>("{").unwrap_err();
+    let error = map_json_error(parse_error);
+    assert_eq!(error.status, Status::InvalidArg);
+    assert!(error.reason.contains("Invalid JSON payload"));
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn resolve_request_chain_should_support_clamp_max_tokens() {
+    let chain = resolve_request_chain(&["normalize_messages".to_string(), "clamp_max_tokens".to_string()]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(chain.len(), 2);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn resolve_request_chain_should_reject_unknown_middleware() {
+    let error = resolve_request_chain(&["unknown".to_string()]).unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(error.status, Status::InvalidArg);
+    assert!(error.reason.contains("Unsupported request middleware"));
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn resolve_stream_chain_should_reject_unknown_middleware() {
+    let error = resolve_stream_chain(&["unknown".to_string()]).unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(error.status, Status::InvalidArg);
+    assert!(error.reason.contains("Unsupported stream middleware"));
+  }
+}
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/package.json b/packages/backend/server/package.json
index 350718e9a..b4c615224 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/package.json
+++ b/packages/backend/server/package.json
@@ -12,9 +12,9 @@
     "dev": "nodemon ./src/index.ts",
     "dev:mail": "email dev -d src/mails",
     "test": "ava --concurrency 1 --serial",
-    "test:copilot": "ava \"src/__tests__/copilot-*.spec.ts\"",
+    "test:copilot": "ava \"src/__tests__/copilot/copilot-*.spec.ts\"",
     "test:coverage": "c8 ava --concurrency 1 --serial",
-    "test:copilot:coverage": "c8 ava --timeout=5m \"src/__tests__/copilot-*.spec.ts\"",
+    "test:copilot:coverage": "c8 ava --timeout=5m \"src/__tests__/copilot/copilot-*.spec.ts\"",
     "e2e": "cross-env TEST_MODE=e2e ava --serial",
     "e2e:coverage": "cross-env TEST_MODE=e2e c8 ava --serial",
     "data-migration": "cross-env NODE_ENV=development SERVER_FLAVOR=script r ./src/index.ts",
@@ -28,12 +28,8 @@
   "dependencies": {
     "@affine/s3-compat": "workspace:*",
     "@affine/server-native": "workspace:*",
-    "@ai-sdk/anthropic": "^2.0.54",
     "@ai-sdk/google": "^2.0.45",
     "@ai-sdk/google-vertex": "^3.0.88",
-    "@ai-sdk/openai": "^2.0.80",
-    "@ai-sdk/openai-compatible": "^1.0.28",
-    "@ai-sdk/perplexity": "^2.0.21",
     "@apollo/server": "^4.13.0",
     "@fal-ai/serverless-client": "^0.15.0",
     "@google-cloud/opentelemetry-cloud-trace-exporter": "^3.0.0",
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/__snapshots__/copilot.e2e.ts.snap b/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/__snapshots__/copilot.e2e.ts.snap
deleted file mode 100644
index 9239165a9356f4027e684914fe98809337c5d236..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
GIT binary patch
literal 0
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diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/__snapshots__/worker.e2e.ts.md b/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/__snapshots__/worker.e2e.ts.md
index d59ba4a7e..ffd25a2b5 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/__snapshots__/worker.e2e.ts.md
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/__snapshots__/worker.e2e.ts.md
@@ -43,7 +43,9 @@ Generated by [AVA](https://avajs.dev).
 > Snapshot 5
 
     Buffer @Uint8Array [
-      66616b65 20696d61 6765
+      89504e47 0d0a1a0a 0000000d 49484452 00000001 00000001 08040000 00b51c0c
+      02000000 0b494441 5478da63 fcff1f00 03030200 efa37c9f 00000000 49454e44
+      ae426082
     ]
 
 ## should preview link
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/__snapshots__/worker.e2e.ts.snap b/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/__snapshots__/worker.e2e.ts.snap
index 4679da1148b079dbe9df567b9bd7567c4d40653e..eefab65bc3ee4e597750821f2232f6983fc0f71e 100644
GIT binary patch
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z-PEM+ieq$3w(Q7d%Bd3!Z_4F{@cp^tBZEiB245Ks_$3*ad4-AFMC=_B48tev&@i4f
z9Z}L;0&oMs?ah;B$FNzI4PBLrR93eXX%R(^ed-JH2#G&^|6Bub))!%*QYcWz6(KdI
zoBWx6$B`#8*$l`&bdlWL%ST@5OzlYl=o}u(jks}yxCsDX?%f^(kRHzUkB<MO{Q1{D
z#N#pCyE6Han{asWNbc&uiD{u}u<TTRg44s))Od0E%Sdizf-rxA(5g;PONMTiR!7L(
ze;OglsIGVqz&8MHZC+QTy{;G=IlQ$<T4IrGHAp~?KN{p{9{?}}U=qMZ09OJ02%v-f
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zF*-@iyUJuT!s%NAd>3$vuXS2uORTY_#OU1amhG3&9a8IxL_NA<9jZRp7yjbjkQar5
zJ+`TN>^~1<Uji@--~#|R0mPbT->wv8hf(gUujNZZ-93@04>gIp>(2GdzkG82-q+{v
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z!{9ntQ7`c0C-r4W`y=rkZ4%$Z_1cB{^o4ruvwCfzUb|MGs{I>|VO=dsJm8gBjzBp_
zfVW!_<+U)B?sjwrz=r^SaBUk$naJzfQ$nKMkrWU9uZu8j?)pW&7QwAbfXP<m_Ei`+
z6TmqDmsj@9^v1a*X+=3ua)d~aMUoq8lH5Z}^XGn>o&SCQ{iT`3rAzPbmzHK0?|w1U
b)8r6sC{B$aI7NUntwiu|Evr}o$PfSkCsXZi

literal 950
zcmV;n14;ZrRzV<BZeeh9Xm4~Nb~6eC02xkT{&TOMC$V;}ikq-}7Yk~K$I(tW{l!2T
z{#4Xv2p@|G00000000B+mfvd}RTRg+XE)h28_jN0q1K8{Bfhl>MieR7(vbcTTBK<L
zwLX-)Gk14ycXnnv_wKfV7P2Af53E?IsZvlHOP>mDp)V0EmOl6*`skAgvK665eDEL8
zon$7PVJ5l;!#-r5X6BqZ=gjwW=X+-^pEGT}B&WXMN+^@NvS?RKLvvjF?1U!DtiXk|
zm?Mj}k~4FL!4y0GY7$*&9JC2rD7BeV@8(W%T@eMR*=%+(`911e&Zg8J03!fQ0Ji{q
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z{)%h%YYuZ+nJeyw%Ui76RDR#c$<h5s$M+u_3+1JxVyYs&%Z|iV3YSq6PGlKhn(jDh
zZUA@;;OF&|ruQAI%1mKsMb3;3McPD><8~m(OO$*Qz(D{<0uhEQ`8;<UBBaNKrQX`-
zx@;no&46A;AEooG#23F}PnmG@bZ$cN!`v#U;^KUiUh)AM_yDg8envBeRa!QJ%m2v;
zQgLiQ0q`||pVp6UkI!~|^zg<~Z;PeAu|Ps{{MjT&*D!!X0L}rp4&W|;9{_aIKT47c
zHSRIE)Lr2yVO##a>=>6y8(9v3dWm)r;Ad>gv#QW-OL~z5O_7vmFf!Do)ANzQX}tPl
zja#9-WW_au?YXFwvwLumpJipo<O8~09&|kO>Ln^Qx2y_-+p?id;vxYb`YLpK21p72
zER)H2NskElCX|$1nY1F-u_BiCtn-=1*ue<>5wk8yG$3?)Z}sh==m%enc+gXDz_AKG
z`}<MsO8{m7eD?Pi@Ew3e>+HMqB6B5If%=79$y4`*Sk!x4MBVq~;mu!eKm6mXD^KRH
z|2li6J~_1t@@)}n6mmnazc%DGe?JEL83N9)4t;%D``{i&fjbT0gQY*-AJKTDHG}Jx
zMUhu0Pl-iHJ7e)3Z4ux0dhJ?$>RP>ar(T<@*Y4FPYyXC0)T;JI+~tp0jzM{ufREY{
z<-I7BjqT_HfX@MZ--xXpWk*gF-tZ*a7E5u@|N0R|`ED@Oi5PBG0?xG~w=bi(SpY5p
zxVf}%_N<*-idXbqCD#+_l~{6zS|s=U!tABrW@dk%{d8e^e&NQ)JGF)B`KJ%22U;}I
Yrs0ejf|CSXXeWYy0bE4yq>c~(06S35Bme*a

diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/__snapshots__/copilot.e2e.ts.md b/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/copilot/__snapshots__/copilot.e2e.ts.md
similarity index 95%
rename from packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/__snapshots__/copilot.e2e.ts.md
rename to packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/copilot/__snapshots__/copilot.e2e.ts.md
index 49f5c10e7..2bf58ee45 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/__snapshots__/copilot.e2e.ts.md
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/copilot/__snapshots__/copilot.e2e.ts.md
@@ -12,12 +12,12 @@ Generated by [AVA](https://avajs.dev).
       {
         messages: [
           {
-            content: 'generate text to text',
+            content: 'generate text to text stream',
             role: 'assistant',
           },
         ],
         pinned: false,
-        tokens: 8,
+        tokens: 10,
       },
     ]
 
@@ -27,12 +27,12 @@ Generated by [AVA](https://avajs.dev).
       {
         messages: [
           {
-            content: 'generate text to text',
+            content: 'generate text to text stream',
             role: 'assistant',
           },
         ],
         pinned: false,
-        tokens: 8,
+        tokens: 10,
       },
     ]
 
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/copilot/__snapshots__/copilot.e2e.ts.snap b/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/copilot/__snapshots__/copilot.e2e.ts.snap
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..59261fcfc6d46f5c334b15d6eb9701cf0490e629
GIT binary patch
literal 1175
zcmV;I1Zev~RzV<BZeeh9Xm4~Nb~6eC0F{rrC+iWf4~z8{uAi6-j*B9cplNJFHY4D?
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pcn;(Iu3>Cg|DQ-mr4t?xBT<ya?5;_KD!3_ze*m>KgT!<c001G&J~;pY

literal 0
HcmV?d00001

diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/__snapshots__/copilot.spec.ts.md b/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/copilot/__snapshots__/copilot.spec.ts.md
similarity index 100%
rename from packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/__snapshots__/copilot.spec.ts.md
rename to packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/copilot/__snapshots__/copilot.spec.ts.md
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/__snapshots__/copilot.spec.ts.snap b/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/copilot/__snapshots__/copilot.spec.ts.snap
similarity index 100%
rename from packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/__snapshots__/copilot.spec.ts.snap
rename to packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/copilot/__snapshots__/copilot.spec.ts.snap
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/copilot-provider.spec.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/copilot/copilot-provider.spec.ts
similarity index 97%
rename from packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/copilot-provider.spec.ts
rename to packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/copilot/copilot-provider.spec.ts
index 80874c8b4..4d6bd8cd5 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/copilot-provider.spec.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/copilot/copilot-provider.spec.ts
@@ -4,31 +4,31 @@ import type { ExecutionContext, TestFn } from 'ava';
 import ava from 'ava';
 import { z } from 'zod';
 
-import { ServerFeature, ServerService } from '../core';
-import { AuthService } from '../core/auth';
-import { QuotaModule } from '../core/quota';
-import { Models } from '../models';
-import { CopilotModule } from '../plugins/copilot';
-import { prompts, PromptService } from '../plugins/copilot/prompt';
+import { ServerFeature, ServerService } from '../../core';
+import { AuthService } from '../../core/auth';
+import { QuotaModule } from '../../core/quota';
+import { Models } from '../../models';
+import { CopilotModule } from '../../plugins/copilot';
+import { prompts, PromptService } from '../../plugins/copilot/prompt';
 import {
   CopilotProviderFactory,
   CopilotProviderType,
   StreamObject,
   StreamObjectSchema,
-} from '../plugins/copilot/providers';
-import { TranscriptionResponseSchema } from '../plugins/copilot/transcript/types';
+} from '../../plugins/copilot/providers';
+import { TranscriptionResponseSchema } from '../../plugins/copilot/transcript/types';
 import {
   CopilotChatTextExecutor,
   CopilotWorkflowService,
   GraphExecutorState,
-} from '../plugins/copilot/workflow';
+} from '../../plugins/copilot/workflow';
 import {
   CopilotChatImageExecutor,
   CopilotCheckHtmlExecutor,
   CopilotCheckJsonExecutor,
-} from '../plugins/copilot/workflow/executor';
-import { createTestingModule, TestingModule } from './utils';
-import { TestAssets } from './utils/copilot';
+} from '../../plugins/copilot/workflow/executor';
+import { createTestingModule, TestingModule } from '../utils';
+import { TestAssets } from '../utils/copilot';
 
 type Tester = {
   auth: AuthService;
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/copilot.e2e.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/copilot/copilot.e2e.ts
similarity index 97%
rename from packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/copilot.e2e.ts
rename to packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/copilot/copilot.e2e.ts
index 3a8bf5aee..1014d3cb8 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/copilot.e2e.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/copilot/copilot.e2e.ts
@@ -6,25 +6,25 @@ import type { TestFn } from 'ava';
 import ava from 'ava';
 import Sinon from 'sinon';
 
-import { AppModule } from '../app.module';
-import { JobQueue } from '../base';
-import { ConfigModule } from '../base/config';
-import { AuthService } from '../core/auth';
-import { DocReader } from '../core/doc';
-import { CopilotContextService } from '../plugins/copilot/context';
+import { AppModule } from '../../app.module';
+import { JobQueue } from '../../base';
+import { ConfigModule } from '../../base/config';
+import { AuthService } from '../../core/auth';
+import { DocReader } from '../../core/doc';
+import { CopilotContextService } from '../../plugins/copilot/context';
 import {
   CopilotEmbeddingJob,
   MockEmbeddingClient,
-} from '../plugins/copilot/embedding';
-import { prompts, PromptService } from '../plugins/copilot/prompt';
+} from '../../plugins/copilot/embedding';
+import { prompts, PromptService } from '../../plugins/copilot/prompt';
 import {
   CopilotProviderFactory,
   CopilotProviderType,
   GeminiGenerativeProvider,
   OpenAIProvider,
-} from '../plugins/copilot/providers';
-import { CopilotStorage } from '../plugins/copilot/storage';
-import { MockCopilotProvider } from './mocks';
+} from '../../plugins/copilot/providers';
+import { CopilotStorage } from '../../plugins/copilot/storage';
+import { MockCopilotProvider } from '../mocks';
 import {
   acceptInviteById,
   createTestingApp,
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ import {
   smallestPng,
   TestingApp,
   TestUser,
-} from './utils';
+} from '../utils';
 import {
   addContextDoc,
   addContextFile,
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ import {
   textToEventStream,
   unsplashSearch,
   updateCopilotSession,
-} from './utils/copilot';
+} from '../utils/copilot';
 
 const test = ava as TestFn<{
   auth: AuthService;
@@ -513,7 +513,11 @@ test('should be able to chat with api', async t => {
     );
     const messageId = await createCopilotMessage(app, sessionId);
     const ret = await chatWithText(app, sessionId, messageId);
-    t.is(ret, 'generate text to text', 'should be able to chat with text');
+    t.is(
+      ret,
+      'generate text to text stream',
+      'should be able to chat with text'
+    );
 
     const ret2 = await chatWithTextStream(app, sessionId, messageId);
     t.is(
@@ -657,7 +661,7 @@ test('should be able to retry with api', async t => {
     const histories = await getHistories(app, { workspaceId: id, docId });
     t.deepEqual(
       histories.map(h => h.messages.map(m => m.content)),
-      [['generate text to text', 'generate text to text']],
+      [['generate text to text stream', 'generate text to text stream']],
       'should be able to list history'
     );
   }
@@ -794,7 +798,7 @@ test('should be able to list history', async t => {
     const histories = await getHistories(app, { workspaceId, docId });
     t.deepEqual(
       histories.map(h => h.messages.map(m => m.content)),
-      [['hello', 'generate text to text']],
+      [['hello', 'generate text to text stream']],
       'should be able to list history'
     );
   }
@@ -807,7 +811,7 @@ test('should be able to list history', async t => {
     });
     t.deepEqual(
       histories.map(h => h.messages.map(m => m.content)),
-      [['generate text to text', 'hello']],
+      [['generate text to text stream', 'hello']],
       'should be able to list history'
     );
   }
@@ -858,7 +862,7 @@ test('should reject request that user have not permission', async t => {
     const histories = await getHistories(app, { workspaceId, docId });
     t.deepEqual(
       histories.map(h => h.messages.map(m => m.content)),
-      [['generate text to text']],
+      [['generate text to text stream']],
       'should able to list history'
     );
 
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/copilot.spec.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/copilot/copilot.spec.ts
similarity index 94%
rename from packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/copilot.spec.ts
rename to packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/copilot/copilot.spec.ts
index 88afae12e..30e6999c4 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/copilot.spec.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/copilot/copilot.spec.ts
@@ -8,38 +8,38 @@ import ava from 'ava';
 import { nanoid } from 'nanoid';
 import Sinon from 'sinon';
 
-import { EventBus, JobQueue } from '../base';
-import { ConfigModule } from '../base/config';
-import { AuthService } from '../core/auth';
-import { QuotaModule } from '../core/quota';
-import { StorageModule, WorkspaceBlobStorage } from '../core/storage';
+import { EventBus, JobQueue } from '../../base';
+import { ConfigModule } from '../../base/config';
+import { AuthService } from '../../core/auth';
+import { QuotaModule } from '../../core/quota';
+import { StorageModule, WorkspaceBlobStorage } from '../../core/storage';
 import {
   ContextCategories,
   CopilotSessionModel,
   WorkspaceModel,
-} from '../models';
-import { CopilotModule } from '../plugins/copilot';
-import { CopilotContextService } from '../plugins/copilot/context';
-import { CopilotCronJobs } from '../plugins/copilot/cron';
+} from '../../models';
+import { CopilotModule } from '../../plugins/copilot';
+import { CopilotContextService } from '../../plugins/copilot/context';
+import { CopilotCronJobs } from '../../plugins/copilot/cron';
 import {
   CopilotEmbeddingJob,
   MockEmbeddingClient,
-} from '../plugins/copilot/embedding';
-import { prompts, PromptService } from '../plugins/copilot/prompt';
+} from '../../plugins/copilot/embedding';
+import { prompts, PromptService } from '../../plugins/copilot/prompt';
 import {
   CopilotProviderFactory,
   CopilotProviderType,
   ModelInputType,
   ModelOutputType,
   OpenAIProvider,
-} from '../plugins/copilot/providers';
+} from '../../plugins/copilot/providers';
 import {
   CitationParser,
   TextStreamParser,
-} from '../plugins/copilot/providers/utils';
-import { ChatSessionService } from '../plugins/copilot/session';
-import { CopilotStorage } from '../plugins/copilot/storage';
-import { CopilotTranscriptionService } from '../plugins/copilot/transcript';
+} from '../../plugins/copilot/providers/utils';
+import { ChatSessionService } from '../../plugins/copilot/session';
+import { CopilotStorage } from '../../plugins/copilot/storage';
+import { CopilotTranscriptionService } from '../../plugins/copilot/transcript';
 import {
   CopilotChatTextExecutor,
   CopilotWorkflowService,
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ import {
   WorkflowGraphExecutor,
   type WorkflowNodeData,
   WorkflowNodeType,
-} from '../plugins/copilot/workflow';
+} from '../../plugins/copilot/workflow';
 import {
   CopilotChatImageExecutor,
   CopilotCheckHtmlExecutor,
@@ -56,16 +56,16 @@ import {
   getWorkflowExecutor,
   NodeExecuteState,
   NodeExecutorType,
-} from '../plugins/copilot/workflow/executor';
-import { AutoRegisteredWorkflowExecutor } from '../plugins/copilot/workflow/executor/utils';
-import { WorkflowGraphList } from '../plugins/copilot/workflow/graph';
-import { CopilotWorkspaceService } from '../plugins/copilot/workspace';
-import { PaymentModule } from '../plugins/payment';
-import { SubscriptionService } from '../plugins/payment/service';
-import { SubscriptionStatus } from '../plugins/payment/types';
-import { MockCopilotProvider } from './mocks';
-import { createTestingModule, TestingModule } from './utils';
-import { WorkflowTestCases } from './utils/copilot';
+} from '../../plugins/copilot/workflow/executor';
+import { AutoRegisteredWorkflowExecutor } from '../../plugins/copilot/workflow/executor/utils';
+import { WorkflowGraphList } from '../../plugins/copilot/workflow/graph';
+import { CopilotWorkspaceService } from '../../plugins/copilot/workspace';
+import { PaymentModule } from '../../plugins/payment';
+import { SubscriptionService } from '../../plugins/payment/service';
+import { SubscriptionStatus } from '../../plugins/payment/types';
+import { MockCopilotProvider } from '../mocks';
+import { createTestingModule, TestingModule } from '../utils';
+import { WorkflowTestCases } from '../utils/copilot';
 
 type Context = {
   auth: AuthService;
@@ -364,6 +364,21 @@ test('should be able to manage chat session', async t => {
     });
     t.is(newSessionId, sessionId, 'should get same session id');
   }
+
+  // should create a fresh session when reuseLatestChat is explicitly disabled
+  {
+    const newSessionId = await session.create({
+      userId,
+      promptName,
+      ...commonParams,
+      reuseLatestChat: false,
+    });
+    t.not(
+      newSessionId,
+      sessionId,
+      'should create new session id when reuseLatestChat is false'
+    );
+  }
 });
 
 test('should be able to update chat session prompt', async t => {
@@ -881,6 +896,26 @@ test('should be able to get provider', async t => {
   }
 });
 
+test('should resolve provider by prefixed model id', async t => {
+  const { factory } = t.context;
+
+  const provider = await factory.getProviderByModel('openai-default/test');
+  t.truthy(provider, 'should resolve prefixed model id');
+  t.is(provider?.type, CopilotProviderType.OpenAI);
+
+  const result = await provider?.text({ modelId: 'openai-default/test' }, [
+    { role: 'user', content: 'hello' },
+  ]);
+  t.is(result, 'generate text to text');
+});
+
+test('should fallback to null when prefixed provider id does not exist', async t => {
+  const { factory } = t.context;
+
+  const provider = await factory.getProviderByModel('unknown/test');
+  t.is(provider, null);
+});
+
 // ==================== workflow ====================
 
 // this test used to preview the final result of the workflow
@@ -2063,25 +2098,23 @@ test('should handle copilot cron jobs correctly', async t => {
 });
 
 test('should resolve model correctly based on subscription status and prompt config', async t => {
-  const { db, session, subscription } = t.context;
+  const { prompt, session, subscription } = t.context;
 
   // 1) Seed a prompt that has optionalModels and proModels in config
   const promptName = 'resolve-model-test';
-  await db.aiPrompt.create({
-    data: {
-      name: promptName,
-      model: 'gemini-2.5-flash',
-      messages: {
-        create: [{ idx: 0, role: 'system', content: 'test' }],
-      },
-      config: { proModels: ['gemini-2.5-pro', 'claude-sonnet-4-5@20250929'] },
+  await prompt.set(
+    promptName,
+    'gemini-2.5-flash',
+    [{ role: 'system', content: 'test' }],
+    { proModels: ['gemini-2.5-pro', 'claude-sonnet-4-5@20250929'] },
+    {
       optionalModels: [
         'gemini-2.5-flash',
         'gemini-2.5-pro',
         'claude-sonnet-4-5@20250929',
       ],
-    },
-  });
+    }
+  );
 
   // 2) Create a chat session with this prompt
   const sessionId = await session.create({
@@ -2106,6 +2139,16 @@ test('should resolve model correctly based on subscription status and prompt con
     const model1 = await s.resolveModel(false, 'gemini-2.5-pro');
     t.snapshot(model1, 'should honor requested pro model');
 
+    const model1WithPrefix = await s.resolveModel(
+      false,
+      'openai-default/gemini-2.5-pro'
+    );
+    t.is(
+      model1WithPrefix,
+      'openai-default/gemini-2.5-pro',
+      'should honor requested prefixed pro model'
+    );
+
     const model2 = await s.resolveModel(false, 'not-in-optional');
     t.snapshot(model2, 'should fallback to default model');
   }
@@ -2119,6 +2162,16 @@ test('should resolve model correctly based on subscription status and prompt con
       'should fallback to default model when requesting pro model during trialing'
     );
 
+    const model3WithPrefix = await s.resolveModel(
+      true,
+      'openai-default/gemini-2.5-pro'
+    );
+    t.is(
+      model3WithPrefix,
+      'gemini-2.5-flash',
+      'should fallback to default model when requesting prefixed pro model during trialing'
+    );
+
     const model4 = await s.resolveModel(true, 'gemini-2.5-flash');
     t.snapshot(model4, 'should honor requested non-pro model during trialing');
 
@@ -2141,6 +2194,16 @@ test('should resolve model correctly based on subscription status and prompt con
     const model7 = await s.resolveModel(true, 'claude-sonnet-4-5@20250929');
     t.snapshot(model7, 'should honor requested pro model during active');
 
+    const model7WithPrefix = await s.resolveModel(
+      true,
+      'openai-default/claude-sonnet-4-5@20250929'
+    );
+    t.is(
+      model7WithPrefix,
+      'openai-default/claude-sonnet-4-5@20250929',
+      'should honor requested prefixed pro model during active'
+    );
+
     const model8 = await s.resolveModel(true, 'not-in-optional');
     t.snapshot(
       model8,
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/copilot/native-adapter.spec.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/copilot/native-adapter.spec.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..820d16093
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/copilot/native-adapter.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
+import test from 'ava';
+import { z } from 'zod';
+
+import type { NativeLlmRequest, NativeLlmStreamEvent } from '../../native';
+import {
+  buildNativeRequest,
+  NativeProviderAdapter,
+} from '../../plugins/copilot/providers/native';
+
+const mockDispatch = () =>
+  (async function* (): AsyncIterableIterator<NativeLlmStreamEvent> {
+    yield { type: 'text_delta', text: 'Use [^1] now' };
+    yield { type: 'citation', index: 1, url: 'https://affine.pro' };
+    yield { type: 'done', finish_reason: 'stop' };
+  })();
+
+test('NativeProviderAdapter streamText should append citation footnotes', async t => {
+  const adapter = new NativeProviderAdapter(mockDispatch, {}, 3);
+  const chunks: string[] = [];
+  for await (const chunk of adapter.streamText({
+    model: 'gpt-4.1',
+    stream: true,
+    messages: [{ role: 'user', content: [{ type: 'text', text: 'hi' }] }],
+  })) {
+    chunks.push(chunk);
+  }
+
+  const text = chunks.join('');
+  t.true(text.includes('Use [^1] now'));
+  t.true(
+    text.includes('[^1]: {"type":"url","url":"https%3A%2F%2Faffine.pro"}')
+  );
+});
+
+test('NativeProviderAdapter streamObject should append citation footnotes', async t => {
+  const adapter = new NativeProviderAdapter(mockDispatch, {}, 3);
+  const chunks = [];
+  for await (const chunk of adapter.streamObject({
+    model: 'gpt-4.1',
+    stream: true,
+    messages: [{ role: 'user', content: [{ type: 'text', text: 'hi' }] }],
+  })) {
+    chunks.push(chunk);
+  }
+
+  t.deepEqual(
+    chunks.map(chunk => chunk.type),
+    ['text-delta', 'text-delta']
+  );
+  const text = chunks
+    .filter(chunk => chunk.type === 'text-delta')
+    .map(chunk => chunk.textDelta)
+    .join('');
+  t.true(text.includes('Use [^1] now'));
+  t.true(
+    text.includes('[^1]: {"type":"url","url":"https%3A%2F%2Faffine.pro"}')
+  );
+});
+
+test('NativeProviderAdapter streamObject should append fallback attachment footnotes', async t => {
+  const dispatch = () =>
+    (async function* (): AsyncIterableIterator<NativeLlmStreamEvent> {
+      yield {
+        type: 'tool_result',
+        call_id: 'call_1',
+        name: 'blob_read',
+        arguments: { blob_id: 'blob_1' },
+        output: {
+          blobId: 'blob_1',
+          fileName: 'a.txt',
+          fileType: 'text/plain',
+          content: 'A',
+        },
+      };
+      yield {
+        type: 'tool_result',
+        call_id: 'call_2',
+        name: 'blob_read',
+        arguments: { blob_id: 'blob_2' },
+        output: {
+          blobId: 'blob_2',
+          fileName: 'b.txt',
+          fileType: 'text/plain',
+          content: 'B',
+        },
+      };
+      yield { type: 'text_delta', text: 'Answer from files.' };
+      yield { type: 'done', finish_reason: 'stop' };
+    })();
+
+  const adapter = new NativeProviderAdapter(dispatch, {}, 3);
+  const chunks = [];
+  for await (const chunk of adapter.streamObject({
+    model: 'gpt-4.1',
+    stream: true,
+    messages: [{ role: 'user', content: [{ type: 'text', text: 'hi' }] }],
+  })) {
+    chunks.push(chunk);
+  }
+
+  const text = chunks
+    .filter(chunk => chunk.type === 'text-delta')
+    .map(chunk => chunk.textDelta)
+    .join('');
+  t.true(text.includes('Answer from files.'));
+  t.true(text.includes('[^1][^2]'));
+  t.true(
+    text.includes(
+      '[^1]: {"type":"attachment","blobId":"blob_1","fileName":"a.txt","fileType":"text/plain"}'
+    )
+  );
+  t.true(
+    text.includes(
+      '[^2]: {"type":"attachment","blobId":"blob_2","fileName":"b.txt","fileType":"text/plain"}'
+    )
+  );
+});
+
+test('NativeProviderAdapter streamObject should map tool and text events', async t => {
+  let round = 0;
+  const dispatch = (_request: NativeLlmRequest) =>
+    (async function* (): AsyncIterableIterator<NativeLlmStreamEvent> {
+      round += 1;
+      if (round === 1) {
+        yield {
+          type: 'tool_call',
+          call_id: 'call_1',
+          name: 'doc_read',
+          arguments: { doc_id: 'a1' },
+        };
+        yield { type: 'done', finish_reason: 'tool_calls' };
+        return;
+      }
+      yield { type: 'text_delta', text: 'ok' };
+      yield { type: 'done', finish_reason: 'stop' };
+    })();
+
+  const adapter = new NativeProviderAdapter(
+    dispatch,
+    {
+      doc_read: {
+        inputSchema: z.object({ doc_id: z.string() }),
+        execute: async () => ({ markdown: '# a1' }),
+      },
+    },
+    4
+  );
+
+  const events = [];
+  for await (const event of adapter.streamObject({
+    model: 'gpt-4.1',
+    stream: true,
+    messages: [{ role: 'user', content: [{ type: 'text', text: 'read' }] }],
+  })) {
+    events.push(event);
+  }
+
+  t.deepEqual(
+    events.map(event => event.type),
+    ['tool-call', 'tool-result', 'text-delta']
+  );
+  t.deepEqual(events[0], {
+    type: 'tool-call',
+    toolCallId: 'call_1',
+    toolName: 'doc_read',
+    args: { doc_id: 'a1' },
+  });
+});
+
+test('buildNativeRequest should include rust middleware from profile', async t => {
+  const { request } = await buildNativeRequest({
+    model: 'gpt-4.1',
+    messages: [{ role: 'user', content: 'hello' }],
+    tools: {},
+    middleware: {
+      rust: {
+        request: ['normalize_messages', 'clamp_max_tokens'],
+        stream: ['stream_event_normalize', 'citation_indexing'],
+      },
+      node: {
+        text: ['callout'],
+      },
+    },
+  });
+
+  t.deepEqual(request.middleware, {
+    request: ['normalize_messages', 'clamp_max_tokens'],
+    stream: ['stream_event_normalize', 'citation_indexing'],
+  });
+});
+
+test('NativeProviderAdapter streamText should skip citation footnotes when disabled', async t => {
+  const adapter = new NativeProviderAdapter(mockDispatch, {}, 3, {
+    nodeTextMiddleware: ['callout'],
+  });
+  const chunks: string[] = [];
+  for await (const chunk of adapter.streamText({
+    model: 'gpt-4.1',
+    stream: true,
+    messages: [{ role: 'user', content: [{ type: 'text', text: 'hi' }] }],
+  })) {
+    chunks.push(chunk);
+  }
+
+  const text = chunks.join('');
+  t.true(text.includes('Use [^1] now'));
+  t.false(
+    text.includes('[^1]: {"type":"url","url":"https%3A%2F%2Faffine.pro"}')
+  );
+});
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/copilot/provider-middleware.spec.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/copilot/provider-middleware.spec.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..81bda1a60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/copilot/provider-middleware.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+import test from 'ava';
+
+import { resolveProviderMiddleware } from '../../plugins/copilot/providers/provider-middleware';
+import { buildProviderRegistry } from '../../plugins/copilot/providers/provider-registry';
+import { CopilotProviderType } from '../../plugins/copilot/providers/types';
+
+test('resolveProviderMiddleware should include anthropic defaults', t => {
+  const middleware = resolveProviderMiddleware(CopilotProviderType.Anthropic);
+
+  t.deepEqual(middleware.rust?.request, [
+    'normalize_messages',
+    'tool_schema_rewrite',
+  ]);
+  t.deepEqual(middleware.rust?.stream, [
+    'stream_event_normalize',
+    'citation_indexing',
+  ]);
+  t.deepEqual(middleware.node?.text, ['citation_footnote', 'callout']);
+});
+
+test('resolveProviderMiddleware should merge defaults and overrides', t => {
+  const middleware = resolveProviderMiddleware(CopilotProviderType.OpenAI, {
+    rust: { request: ['clamp_max_tokens'] },
+    node: { text: ['thinking_format'] },
+  });
+
+  t.deepEqual(middleware.rust?.request, [
+    'normalize_messages',
+    'clamp_max_tokens',
+  ]);
+  t.deepEqual(middleware.node?.text, [
+    'citation_footnote',
+    'callout',
+    'thinking_format',
+  ]);
+});
+
+test('buildProviderRegistry should normalize profile middleware defaults', t => {
+  const registry = buildProviderRegistry({
+    profiles: [
+      {
+        id: 'openai-main',
+        type: CopilotProviderType.OpenAI,
+        config: { apiKey: '1' },
+      },
+    ],
+  });
+
+  const profile = registry.profiles.get('openai-main');
+  t.truthy(profile);
+  t.deepEqual(profile?.middleware.rust?.stream, [
+    'stream_event_normalize',
+    'citation_indexing',
+  ]);
+  t.deepEqual(profile?.middleware.node?.text, ['citation_footnote', 'callout']);
+});
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/copilot/provider-native.spec.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/copilot/provider-native.spec.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..34ac62cfc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/copilot/provider-native.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+import test from 'ava';
+
+import { ProviderMiddlewareConfig } from '../../plugins/copilot/config';
+import { CopilotProvider } from '../../plugins/copilot/providers/provider';
+import {
+  CopilotProviderType,
+  ModelInputType,
+  ModelOutputType,
+} from '../../plugins/copilot/providers/types';
+
+class TestOpenAIProvider extends CopilotProvider<{ apiKey: string }> {
+  readonly type = CopilotProviderType.OpenAI;
+  readonly models = [
+    {
+      id: 'gpt-4.1',
+      capabilities: [
+        {
+          input: [ModelInputType.Text],
+          output: [ModelOutputType.Text],
+          defaultForOutputType: true,
+        },
+      ],
+    },
+  ];
+
+  configured() {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  async text(_cond: any, _messages: any[], _options?: any) {
+    return '';
+  }
+
+  async *streamText(_cond: any, _messages: any[], _options?: any) {
+    yield '';
+  }
+
+  exposeMetricLabels() {
+    return this.metricLabels('gpt-4.1');
+  }
+
+  exposeMiddleware() {
+    return this.getActiveProviderMiddleware();
+  }
+}
+
+function createProvider(profileMiddleware?: ProviderMiddlewareConfig) {
+  const provider = new TestOpenAIProvider();
+  (provider as any).AFFiNEConfig = {
+    copilot: {
+      providers: {
+        profiles: [
+          {
+            id: 'openai-main',
+            type: CopilotProviderType.OpenAI,
+            config: { apiKey: 'test' },
+            middleware: profileMiddleware,
+          },
+        ],
+        defaults: {},
+        openai: { apiKey: 'legacy' },
+      },
+    },
+  };
+  return provider;
+}
+
+test('metricLabels should include active provider id', t => {
+  const provider = createProvider();
+  const labels = provider.runWithProfile('openai-main', () =>
+    provider.exposeMetricLabels()
+  );
+  t.is(labels.providerId, 'openai-main');
+});
+
+test('getActiveProviderMiddleware should merge defaults with profile override', t => {
+  const provider = createProvider({
+    rust: { request: ['clamp_max_tokens'] },
+    node: { text: ['thinking_format'] },
+  });
+
+  const middleware = provider.runWithProfile('openai-main', () =>
+    provider.exposeMiddleware()
+  );
+
+  t.deepEqual(middleware.rust?.request, [
+    'normalize_messages',
+    'clamp_max_tokens',
+  ]);
+  t.deepEqual(middleware.rust?.stream, [
+    'stream_event_normalize',
+    'citation_indexing',
+  ]);
+  t.deepEqual(middleware.node?.text, [
+    'citation_footnote',
+    'callout',
+    'thinking_format',
+  ]);
+});
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/copilot/provider-registry.spec.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/copilot/provider-registry.spec.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..858c3d3cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/copilot/provider-registry.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+import test from 'ava';
+
+import {
+  buildProviderRegistry,
+  resolveModel,
+  stripProviderPrefix,
+} from '../../plugins/copilot/providers/provider-registry';
+import {
+  CopilotProviderType,
+  ModelOutputType,
+} from '../../plugins/copilot/providers/types';
+
+test('buildProviderRegistry should keep explicit profile over legacy compatibility profile', t => {
+  const registry = buildProviderRegistry({
+    profiles: [
+      {
+        id: 'openai-default',
+        type: CopilotProviderType.OpenAI,
+        priority: 100,
+        config: { apiKey: 'new' },
+      },
+    ],
+    openai: { apiKey: 'legacy' },
+  });
+
+  const profile = registry.profiles.get('openai-default');
+  t.truthy(profile);
+  t.deepEqual(profile?.config, { apiKey: 'new' });
+});
+
+test('buildProviderRegistry should reject duplicated profile ids', t => {
+  const error = t.throws(() =>
+    buildProviderRegistry({
+      profiles: [
+        {
+          id: 'openai-main',
+          type: CopilotProviderType.OpenAI,
+          config: { apiKey: '1' },
+        },
+        {
+          id: 'openai-main',
+          type: CopilotProviderType.OpenAI,
+          config: { apiKey: '2' },
+        },
+      ],
+    })
+  ) as Error;
+
+  t.truthy(error);
+  t.regex(error.message, /Duplicated copilot provider profile id/);
+});
+
+test('buildProviderRegistry should reject defaults that reference unknown providers', t => {
+  const error = t.throws(() =>
+    buildProviderRegistry({
+      profiles: [
+        {
+          id: 'openai-main',
+          type: CopilotProviderType.OpenAI,
+          config: { apiKey: '1' },
+        },
+      ],
+      defaults: {
+        fallback: 'unknown-provider',
+      },
+    })
+  ) as Error;
+
+  t.truthy(error);
+  t.regex(error.message, /defaults references unknown providerId/);
+});
+
+test('resolveModel should support explicit provider prefix and keep slash models untouched', t => {
+  const registry = buildProviderRegistry({
+    profiles: [
+      {
+        id: 'openai-main',
+        type: CopilotProviderType.OpenAI,
+        config: { apiKey: '1' },
+      },
+      {
+        id: 'fal-main',
+        type: CopilotProviderType.FAL,
+        config: { apiKey: '2' },
+      },
+    ],
+  });
+
+  const prefixed = resolveModel({
+    registry,
+    modelId: 'openai-main/gpt-4.1',
+  });
+  t.deepEqual(prefixed, {
+    rawModelId: 'openai-main/gpt-4.1',
+    modelId: 'gpt-4.1',
+    explicitProviderId: 'openai-main',
+    candidateProviderIds: ['openai-main'],
+  });
+
+  const slashModel = resolveModel({
+    registry,
+    modelId: 'lora/image-to-image',
+  });
+  t.is(slashModel.modelId, 'lora/image-to-image');
+  t.false(slashModel.candidateProviderIds.includes('lora'));
+});
+
+test('resolveModel should follow defaults -> fallback -> order and apply filters', t => {
+  const registry = buildProviderRegistry({
+    profiles: [
+      {
+        id: 'openai-main',
+        type: CopilotProviderType.OpenAI,
+        priority: 10,
+        config: { apiKey: '1' },
+      },
+      {
+        id: 'anthropic-main',
+        type: CopilotProviderType.Anthropic,
+        priority: 5,
+        config: { apiKey: '2' },
+      },
+      {
+        id: 'fal-main',
+        type: CopilotProviderType.FAL,
+        priority: 1,
+        config: { apiKey: '3' },
+      },
+    ],
+    defaults: {
+      [ModelOutputType.Text]: 'anthropic-main',
+      fallback: 'openai-main',
+    },
+  });
+
+  const routed = resolveModel({
+    registry,
+    outputType: ModelOutputType.Text,
+    preferredProviderIds: ['openai-main', 'fal-main'],
+  });
+
+  t.deepEqual(routed.candidateProviderIds, ['openai-main', 'fal-main']);
+});
+
+test('stripProviderPrefix should only strip matched provider prefix', t => {
+  const registry = buildProviderRegistry({
+    profiles: [
+      {
+        id: 'openai-main',
+        type: CopilotProviderType.OpenAI,
+        config: { apiKey: '1' },
+      },
+    ],
+  });
+
+  t.is(
+    stripProviderPrefix(registry, 'openai-main', 'openai-main/gpt-4.1'),
+    'gpt-4.1'
+  );
+  t.is(
+    stripProviderPrefix(registry, 'openai-main', 'another-main/gpt-4.1'),
+    'another-main/gpt-4.1'
+  );
+  t.is(stripProviderPrefix(registry, 'openai-main', 'gpt-4.1'), 'gpt-4.1');
+});
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/copilot/tool-call-loop.spec.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/copilot/tool-call-loop.spec.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..95ec395a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/copilot/tool-call-loop.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+import test from 'ava';
+import { z } from 'zod';
+
+import { NativeLlmRequest, NativeLlmStreamEvent } from '../../native';
+import {
+  ToolCallAccumulator,
+  ToolCallLoop,
+  ToolSchemaExtractor,
+} from '../../plugins/copilot/providers/loop';
+
+test('ToolCallAccumulator should merge deltas and complete tool call', t => {
+  const accumulator = new ToolCallAccumulator();
+
+  accumulator.feedDelta({
+    type: 'tool_call_delta',
+    call_id: 'call_1',
+    name: 'doc_read',
+    arguments_delta: '{"doc_id":"',
+  });
+  accumulator.feedDelta({
+    type: 'tool_call_delta',
+    call_id: 'call_1',
+    arguments_delta: 'a1"}',
+  });
+
+  const completed = accumulator.complete({
+    type: 'tool_call',
+    call_id: 'call_1',
+    name: 'doc_read',
+    arguments: { doc_id: 'a1' },
+  });
+
+  t.deepEqual(completed, {
+    id: 'call_1',
+    name: 'doc_read',
+    args: { doc_id: 'a1' },
+    thought: undefined,
+  });
+});
+
+test('ToolSchemaExtractor should convert zod schema to json schema', t => {
+  const toolSet = {
+    doc_read: {
+      description: 'Read doc',
+      inputSchema: z.object({
+        doc_id: z.string(),
+        limit: z.number().optional(),
+      }),
+      execute: async () => ({}),
+    },
+  };
+
+  const extracted = ToolSchemaExtractor.extract(toolSet);
+
+  t.deepEqual(extracted, [
+    {
+      name: 'doc_read',
+      description: 'Read doc',
+      parameters: {
+        type: 'object',
+        properties: {
+          doc_id: { type: 'string' },
+          limit: { type: 'number' },
+        },
+        additionalProperties: false,
+        required: ['doc_id'],
+      },
+    },
+  ]);
+});
+
+test('ToolCallLoop should execute tool call and continue to next round', async t => {
+  const dispatchRequests: NativeLlmRequest[] = [];
+
+  const dispatch = (request: NativeLlmRequest) => {
+    dispatchRequests.push(request);
+    const round = dispatchRequests.length;
+
+    return (async function* (): AsyncIterableIterator<NativeLlmStreamEvent> {
+      if (round === 1) {
+        yield {
+          type: 'tool_call_delta',
+          call_id: 'call_1',
+          name: 'doc_read',
+          arguments_delta: '{"doc_id":"a1"}',
+        };
+        yield {
+          type: 'tool_call',
+          call_id: 'call_1',
+          name: 'doc_read',
+          arguments: { doc_id: 'a1' },
+        };
+        yield { type: 'done', finish_reason: 'tool_calls' };
+        return;
+      }
+
+      yield { type: 'text_delta', text: 'done' };
+      yield { type: 'done', finish_reason: 'stop' };
+    })();
+  };
+
+  let executedArgs: Record<string, unknown> | null = null;
+  const loop = new ToolCallLoop(
+    dispatch,
+    {
+      doc_read: {
+        inputSchema: z.object({ doc_id: z.string() }),
+        execute: async args => {
+          executedArgs = args;
+          return { markdown: '# doc' };
+        },
+      },
+    },
+    4
+  );
+
+  const events: NativeLlmStreamEvent[] = [];
+  for await (const event of loop.run({
+    model: 'gpt-4.1',
+    stream: true,
+    messages: [{ role: 'user', content: [{ type: 'text', text: 'read doc' }] }],
+  })) {
+    events.push(event);
+  }
+
+  t.deepEqual(executedArgs, { doc_id: 'a1' });
+  t.true(
+    dispatchRequests[1]?.messages.some(message => message.role === 'tool')
+  );
+  t.deepEqual(
+    events.map(event => event.type),
+    ['tool_call', 'tool_result', 'text_delta', 'done']
+  );
+});
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/copilot/utils.spec.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/copilot/utils.spec.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..12c13e5fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/copilot/utils.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+import test from 'ava';
+import { z } from 'zod';
+
+import {
+  chatToGPTMessage,
+  CitationFootnoteFormatter,
+  CitationParser,
+  StreamPatternParser,
+} from '../../plugins/copilot/providers/utils';
+
+test('CitationFootnoteFormatter should format sorted footnotes from citation events', t => {
+  const formatter = new CitationFootnoteFormatter();
+
+  formatter.consume({
+    type: 'citation',
+    index: 2,
+    url: 'https://example.com/b',
+  });
+  formatter.consume({
+    type: 'citation',
+    index: 1,
+    url: 'https://example.com/a',
+  });
+
+  t.is(
+    formatter.end(),
+    [
+      '[^1]: {"type":"url","url":"https%3A%2F%2Fexample.com%2Fa"}',
+      '[^2]: {"type":"url","url":"https%3A%2F%2Fexample.com%2Fb"}',
+    ].join('\n')
+  );
+});
+
+test('CitationFootnoteFormatter should overwrite duplicated index with latest url', t => {
+  const formatter = new CitationFootnoteFormatter();
+
+  formatter.consume({
+    type: 'citation',
+    index: 1,
+    url: 'https://example.com/old',
+  });
+  formatter.consume({
+    type: 'citation',
+    index: 1,
+    url: 'https://example.com/new',
+  });
+
+  t.is(
+    formatter.end(),
+    '[^1]: {"type":"url","url":"https%3A%2F%2Fexample.com%2Fnew"}'
+  );
+});
+
+test('StreamPatternParser should keep state across chunks', t => {
+  const parser = new StreamPatternParser(pattern => {
+    if (pattern.kind === 'wrappedLink') {
+      return `[^${pattern.url}]`;
+    }
+    if (pattern.kind === 'index') {
+      return `[#${pattern.value}]`;
+    }
+    return `[${pattern.text}](${pattern.url})`;
+  });
+
+  const first = parser.write('ref ([AFFiNE](https://affine.pro');
+  const second = parser.write(')) and [2]');
+
+  t.is(first, 'ref ');
+  t.is(second, '[^https://affine.pro] and [#2]');
+  t.is(parser.end(), '');
+});
+
+test('CitationParser should convert wrapped links to numbered footnotes', t => {
+  const parser = new CitationParser();
+
+  const output = parser.parse('Use ([AFFiNE](https://affine.pro)) now');
+  t.is(output, 'Use [^1] now');
+  t.regex(
+    parser.end(),
+    /\[\^1\]: \{"type":"url","url":"https%3A%2F%2Faffine.pro"\}/
+  );
+});
+
+test('chatToGPTMessage should not mutate input and should keep system schema', async t => {
+  const schema = z.object({
+    query: z.string(),
+  });
+  const messages = [
+    {
+      role: 'system' as const,
+      content: 'You are helper',
+      params: { schema },
+    },
+    {
+      role: 'user' as const,
+      content: '',
+      attachments: ['https://example.com/a.png'],
+    },
+  ];
+  const firstRef = messages[0];
+  const secondRef = messages[1];
+  const [system, normalized, parsedSchema] = await chatToGPTMessage(
+    messages,
+    false
+  );
+
+  t.is(system, 'You are helper');
+  t.is(parsedSchema, schema);
+  t.is(messages.length, 2);
+  t.is(messages[0], firstRef);
+  t.is(messages[1], secondRef);
+  t.deepEqual(normalized[0], {
+    role: 'user',
+    content: [{ type: 'text', text: '[no content]' }],
+  });
+});
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/native.spec.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/native.spec.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bc088cfaa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/native.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+import test from 'ava';
+
+import { NativeStreamAdapter } from '../native';
+
+test('NativeStreamAdapter should support buffered and awaited consumption', async t => {
+  const adapter = new NativeStreamAdapter<number>(undefined);
+
+  adapter.push(1);
+  const first = await adapter.next();
+  t.deepEqual(first, { value: 1, done: false });
+
+  const pending = adapter.next();
+  adapter.push(2);
+  const second = await pending;
+  t.deepEqual(second, { value: 2, done: false });
+
+  adapter.push(null);
+  const done = await adapter.next();
+  t.true(done.done);
+});
+
+test('NativeStreamAdapter return should abort handle and end iteration', async t => {
+  let abortCount = 0;
+  const adapter = new NativeStreamAdapter<number>({
+    abort: () => {
+      abortCount += 1;
+    },
+  });
+
+  const ended = await adapter.return();
+  t.is(abortCount, 1);
+  t.true(ended.done);
+
+  const secondReturn = await adapter.return();
+  t.true(secondReturn.done);
+  t.is(abortCount, 1);
+
+  const next = await adapter.next();
+  t.true(next.done);
+});
+
+test('NativeStreamAdapter should abort when AbortSignal is triggered', async t => {
+  let abortCount = 0;
+  const controller = new AbortController();
+  const adapter = new NativeStreamAdapter<number>(
+    {
+      abort: () => {
+        abortCount += 1;
+      },
+    },
+    controller.signal
+  );
+
+  const pending = adapter.next();
+  controller.abort();
+  const done = await pending;
+  t.true(done.done);
+  t.is(abortCount, 1);
+});
+
+test('NativeStreamAdapter should end immediately for pre-aborted signal', async t => {
+  let abortCount = 0;
+  const controller = new AbortController();
+  controller.abort();
+
+  const adapter = new NativeStreamAdapter<number>(
+    {
+      abort: () => {
+        abortCount += 1;
+      },
+    },
+    controller.signal
+  );
+
+  const next = await adapter.next();
+  t.true(next.done);
+  t.is(abortCount, 1);
+
+  adapter.push(1);
+  const stillDone = await adapter.next();
+  t.true(stillDone.done);
+});
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/utils/copilot.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/utils/copilot.ts
index 9e738ba43..59aacb7b9 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/utils/copilot.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/utils/copilot.ts
@@ -629,14 +629,35 @@ export async function chatWithText(
   prefix = '',
   retry?: boolean
 ): Promise<string> {
+  const endpoint = prefix || '/stream';
   const query = messageId
     ? `?messageId=${messageId}` + (retry ? '&retry=true' : '')
     : '';
   const res = await app
-    .GET(`/api/copilot/chat/${sessionId}${prefix}${query}`)
+    .GET(`/api/copilot/chat/${sessionId}${endpoint}${query}`)
     .expect(200);
 
-  return res.text;
+  if (prefix) {
+    return res.text;
+  }
+
+  const events = sse2array(res.text);
+  const errorEvent = events.find(event => event.event === 'error');
+  if (errorEvent?.data) {
+    let message = errorEvent.data;
+    try {
+      const parsed = JSON.parse(errorEvent.data);
+      message = parsed.message || message;
+    } catch {
+      // noop: keep raw error data
+    }
+    throw new Error(message);
+  }
+
+  return events
+    .filter(event => event.event === 'message')
+    .map(event => event.data ?? '')
+    .join('');
 }
 
 export async function chatWithTextStream(
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/worker.e2e.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/worker.e2e.ts
index 1ebe09006..d111a03d0 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/worker.e2e.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/worker.e2e.ts
@@ -38,8 +38,11 @@ test.before(async t => {
   t.context.app = app;
 });
 
-test.after.always(async t => {
+test.afterEach.always(() => {
   Sinon.restore();
+});
+
+test.after.always(async t => {
   __resetDnsLookupForTests();
   await t.context.app.close();
 });
@@ -80,6 +83,7 @@ const assertAndSnapshotRaw = async (
 
 test('should proxy image', async t => {
   const assertAndSnapshot = assertAndSnapshotRaw.bind(null, t);
+  const imageUrl = `http://example.com/image-${Date.now()}.png`;
 
   await assertAndSnapshot(
     '/api/worker/image-proxy',
@@ -105,7 +109,7 @@ test('should proxy image', async t => {
 
   {
     await assertAndSnapshot(
-      '/api/worker/image-proxy?url=http://example.com/image.png',
+      `/api/worker/image-proxy?url=${imageUrl}`,
       'should return 400 if origin and referer are missing',
       { status: 400, origin: null, referer: null }
     );
@@ -113,14 +117,17 @@ test('should proxy image', async t => {
 
   {
     await assertAndSnapshot(
-      '/api/worker/image-proxy?url=http://example.com/image.png',
+      `/api/worker/image-proxy?url=${imageUrl}`,
       'should return 400 for invalid origin header',
       { status: 400, origin: 'http://invalid.com' }
     );
   }
 
   {
-    const fakeBuffer = Buffer.from('fake image');
+    const fakeBuffer = Buffer.from(
+      'iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mP8/x8AAwMCAO+jfJ8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=',
+      'base64'
+    );
     const fakeResponse = new Response(fakeBuffer, {
       status: 200,
       headers: {
@@ -130,13 +137,14 @@ test('should proxy image', async t => {
     });
 
     const fetchSpy = Sinon.stub(global, 'fetch').resolves(fakeResponse);
-
-    await assertAndSnapshot(
-      '/api/worker/image-proxy?url=http://example.com/image.png',
-      'should return image buffer'
-    );
-
-    fetchSpy.restore();
+    try {
+      await assertAndSnapshot(
+        `/api/worker/image-proxy?url=${imageUrl}`,
+        'should return image buffer'
+      );
+    } finally {
+      fetchSpy.restore();
+    }
   }
 });
 
@@ -200,18 +208,19 @@ test('should preview link', async t => {
     });
 
     const fetchSpy = Sinon.stub(global, 'fetch').resolves(fakeHTML);
-
-    await assertAndSnapshot(
-      '/api/worker/link-preview',
-      'should process a valid external URL and return link preview data',
-      {
-        status: 200,
-        method: 'POST',
-        body: { url: 'http://external.com/page' },
-      }
-    );
-
-    fetchSpy.restore();
+    try {
+      await assertAndSnapshot(
+        '/api/worker/link-preview',
+        'should process a valid external URL and return link preview data',
+        {
+          status: 200,
+          method: 'POST',
+          body: { url: 'http://external.com/page' },
+        }
+      );
+    } finally {
+      fetchSpy.restore();
+    }
   }
 
   {
@@ -251,18 +260,19 @@ test('should preview link', async t => {
       });
 
       const fetchSpy = Sinon.stub(global, 'fetch').resolves(fakeHTML);
-
-      await assertAndSnapshot(
-        '/api/worker/link-preview',
-        'should decode HTML content with charset',
-        {
-          status: 200,
-          method: 'POST',
-          body: { url: `http://example.com/${charset}` },
-        }
-      );
-
-      fetchSpy.restore();
+      try {
+        await assertAndSnapshot(
+          '/api/worker/link-preview',
+          'should decode HTML content with charset',
+          {
+            status: 200,
+            method: 'POST',
+            body: { url: `http://example.com/${charset}` },
+          }
+        );
+      } finally {
+        fetchSpy.restore();
+      }
     }
   }
 });
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/core/telemetry/ga4-client.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/core/telemetry/ga4-client.ts
index 6afa73fdb..b9e2a18a1 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/core/telemetry/ga4-client.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/core/telemetry/ga4-client.ts
@@ -42,8 +42,18 @@ export class Ga4Client {
             timestamp_micros: event.timestampMicros,
           })),
         };
-
-        await this.post(payload);
+        try {
+          await this.post(payload);
+        } catch {
+          if (env.DEPLOYMENT_TYPE === 'affine') {
+            // In production, we want to be resilient to GA4 failures, so we catch and ignore errors.
+            // In non-production environments, we rethrow to surface issues during development and testing.
+            console.info(
+              'Failed to send telemetry event to GA4:',
+              chunk.map(e => e.eventName).join(', ')
+            );
+          }
+        }
       }
     }
   }
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/native.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/native.ts
index 7563eb7a5..6ec908b56 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/native.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/native.ts
@@ -57,3 +57,316 @@ export const addDocToRootDoc = serverNativeModule.addDocToRootDoc;
 export const updateDocTitle = serverNativeModule.updateDocTitle;
 export const updateDocProperties = serverNativeModule.updateDocProperties;
 export const updateRootDocMetaTitle = serverNativeModule.updateRootDocMetaTitle;
+
+type NativeLlmModule = {
+  llmDispatch?: (
+    protocol: string,
+    backendConfigJson: string,
+    requestJson: string
+  ) => string | Promise<string>;
+  llmDispatchStream?: (
+    protocol: string,
+    backendConfigJson: string,
+    requestJson: string,
+    callback: (error: Error | null, eventJson: string) => void
+  ) => { abort?: () => void } | undefined;
+};
+
+const nativeLlmModule = serverNativeModule as typeof serverNativeModule &
+  NativeLlmModule;
+
+export type NativeLlmProtocol =
+  | 'openai_chat'
+  | 'openai_responses'
+  | 'anthropic';
+
+export type NativeLlmBackendConfig = {
+  base_url: string;
+  auth_token: string;
+  request_layer?: 'anthropic' | 'chat_completions' | 'responses' | 'vertex';
+  headers?: Record<string, string>;
+  no_streaming?: boolean;
+  timeout_ms?: number;
+};
+
+export type NativeLlmCoreRole = 'system' | 'user' | 'assistant' | 'tool';
+
+export type NativeLlmCoreContent =
+  | { type: 'text'; text: string }
+  | { type: 'reasoning'; text: string; signature?: string }
+  | {
+      type: 'tool_call';
+      call_id: string;
+      name: string;
+      arguments: Record<string, unknown>;
+      thought?: string;
+    }
+  | {
+      type: 'tool_result';
+      call_id: string;
+      output: unknown;
+      is_error?: boolean;
+      name?: string;
+      arguments?: Record<string, unknown>;
+    }
+  | { type: 'image'; source: Record<string, unknown> | string };
+
+export type NativeLlmCoreMessage = {
+  role: NativeLlmCoreRole;
+  content: NativeLlmCoreContent[];
+};
+
+export type NativeLlmToolDefinition = {
+  name: string;
+  description?: string;
+  parameters: Record<string, unknown>;
+};
+
+export type NativeLlmRequest = {
+  model: string;
+  messages: NativeLlmCoreMessage[];
+  stream?: boolean;
+  max_tokens?: number;
+  temperature?: number;
+  tools?: NativeLlmToolDefinition[];
+  tool_choice?: 'auto' | 'none' | 'required' | { name: string };
+  include?: string[];
+  reasoning?: Record<string, unknown>;
+  middleware?: {
+    request?: Array<
+      'normalize_messages' | 'clamp_max_tokens' | 'tool_schema_rewrite'
+    >;
+    stream?: Array<'stream_event_normalize' | 'citation_indexing'>;
+    config?: {
+      no_additional_properties?: boolean;
+      drop_property_format?: boolean;
+      drop_property_min_length?: boolean;
+      drop_array_min_items?: boolean;
+      drop_array_max_items?: boolean;
+      max_tokens_cap?: number;
+    };
+  };
+};
+
+export type NativeLlmDispatchResponse = {
+  id: string;
+  model: string;
+  message: NativeLlmCoreMessage;
+  usage: {
+    prompt_tokens: number;
+    completion_tokens: number;
+    total_tokens: number;
+    cached_tokens?: number;
+  };
+  finish_reason: string;
+  reasoning_details?: unknown;
+};
+
+export type NativeLlmStreamEvent =
+  | { type: 'message_start'; id?: string; model?: string }
+  | { type: 'text_delta'; text: string }
+  | { type: 'reasoning_delta'; text: string }
+  | {
+      type: 'tool_call_delta';
+      call_id: string;
+      name?: string;
+      arguments_delta: string;
+    }
+  | {
+      type: 'tool_call';
+      call_id: string;
+      name: string;
+      arguments: Record<string, unknown>;
+      thought?: string;
+    }
+  | {
+      type: 'tool_result';
+      call_id: string;
+      output: unknown;
+      is_error?: boolean;
+      name?: string;
+      arguments?: Record<string, unknown>;
+    }
+  | { type: 'citation'; index: number; url: string }
+  | {
+      type: 'usage';
+      usage: {
+        prompt_tokens: number;
+        completion_tokens: number;
+        total_tokens: number;
+        cached_tokens?: number;
+      };
+    }
+  | {
+      type: 'done';
+      finish_reason?: string;
+      usage?: {
+        prompt_tokens: number;
+        completion_tokens: number;
+        total_tokens: number;
+        cached_tokens?: number;
+      };
+    }
+  | { type: 'error'; message: string; code?: string; raw?: string };
+const LLM_STREAM_END_MARKER = '__AFFINE_LLM_STREAM_END__';
+
+export async function llmDispatch(
+  protocol: NativeLlmProtocol,
+  backendConfig: NativeLlmBackendConfig,
+  request: NativeLlmRequest
+): Promise<NativeLlmDispatchResponse> {
+  if (!nativeLlmModule.llmDispatch) {
+    throw new Error('native llm dispatch is not available');
+  }
+  const response = nativeLlmModule.llmDispatch(
+    protocol,
+    JSON.stringify(backendConfig),
+    JSON.stringify(request)
+  );
+  const responseText = await Promise.resolve(response);
+  return JSON.parse(responseText) as NativeLlmDispatchResponse;
+}
+
+export class NativeStreamAdapter<T> implements AsyncIterableIterator<T> {
+  readonly #queue: T[] = [];
+  readonly #waiters: ((result: IteratorResult<T>) => void)[] = [];
+  readonly #handle: { abort?: () => void } | undefined;
+  readonly #signal?: AbortSignal;
+  readonly #abortListener?: () => void;
+  #ended = false;
+
+  constructor(
+    handle: { abort?: () => void } | undefined,
+    signal?: AbortSignal
+  ) {
+    this.#handle = handle;
+    this.#signal = signal;
+
+    if (signal?.aborted) {
+      this.close(true);
+      return;
+    }
+
+    if (signal) {
+      this.#abortListener = () => {
+        this.close(true);
+      };
+      signal.addEventListener('abort', this.#abortListener, { once: true });
+    }
+  }
+
+  private close(abortHandle: boolean) {
+    if (this.#ended) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    this.#ended = true;
+    if (this.#signal && this.#abortListener) {
+      this.#signal.removeEventListener('abort', this.#abortListener);
+    }
+    if (abortHandle) {
+      this.#handle?.abort?.();
+    }
+
+    while (this.#waiters.length) {
+      const waiter = this.#waiters.shift();
+      waiter?.({ value: undefined as T, done: true });
+    }
+  }
+
+  push(value: T | null) {
+    if (this.#ended) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    if (value === null) {
+      this.close(false);
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const waiter = this.#waiters.shift();
+    if (waiter) {
+      waiter({ value, done: false });
+      return;
+    }
+
+    this.#queue.push(value);
+  }
+
+  [Symbol.asyncIterator]() {
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  async next(): Promise<IteratorResult<T>> {
+    if (this.#queue.length > 0) {
+      const value = this.#queue.shift() as T;
+      return { value, done: false };
+    }
+
+    if (this.#ended) {
+      return { value: undefined as T, done: true };
+    }
+
+    return await new Promise(resolve => {
+      this.#waiters.push(resolve);
+    });
+  }
+
+  async return(): Promise<IteratorResult<T>> {
+    this.close(true);
+
+    return { value: undefined as T, done: true };
+  }
+}
+
+export function llmDispatchStream(
+  protocol: NativeLlmProtocol,
+  backendConfig: NativeLlmBackendConfig,
+  request: NativeLlmRequest,
+  signal?: AbortSignal
+): AsyncIterableIterator<NativeLlmStreamEvent> {
+  if (!nativeLlmModule.llmDispatchStream) {
+    throw new Error('native llm stream dispatch is not available');
+  }
+
+  let adapter: NativeStreamAdapter<NativeLlmStreamEvent> | undefined;
+  const buffer: (NativeLlmStreamEvent | null)[] = [];
+  let pushFn = (event: NativeLlmStreamEvent | null) => {
+    buffer.push(event);
+  };
+  const handle = nativeLlmModule.llmDispatchStream(
+    protocol,
+    JSON.stringify(backendConfig),
+    JSON.stringify(request),
+    (error, eventJson) => {
+      if (error) {
+        pushFn({ type: 'error', message: error.message, raw: eventJson });
+        return;
+      }
+      if (eventJson === LLM_STREAM_END_MARKER) {
+        pushFn(null);
+        return;
+      }
+      try {
+        pushFn(JSON.parse(eventJson) as NativeLlmStreamEvent);
+      } catch (error) {
+        pushFn({
+          type: 'error',
+          message:
+            error instanceof Error
+              ? error.message
+              : 'failed to parse native stream event',
+          raw: eventJson,
+        });
+      }
+    }
+  );
+  adapter = new NativeStreamAdapter(handle, signal);
+  pushFn = event => {
+    adapter.push(event);
+  };
+  for (const event of buffer) {
+    adapter.push(event);
+  }
+  return adapter;
+}
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/config.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/config.ts
index 0f40790f6..bc695edae 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/config.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/config.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import { z } from 'zod';
+
 import {
   defineModuleConfig,
   StorageJSONSchema,
@@ -13,7 +15,179 @@ import { GeminiGenerativeConfig, GeminiVertexConfig } from './providers/gemini';
 import { MorphConfig } from './providers/morph';
 import { OpenAIConfig } from './providers/openai';
 import { PerplexityConfig } from './providers/perplexity';
-import { VertexSchema } from './providers/types';
+import {
+  CopilotProviderType,
+  ModelOutputType,
+  VertexSchema,
+} from './providers/types';
+
+export type CopilotProviderConfigMap = {
+  [CopilotProviderType.OpenAI]: OpenAIConfig;
+  [CopilotProviderType.FAL]: FalConfig;
+  [CopilotProviderType.Gemini]: GeminiGenerativeConfig;
+  [CopilotProviderType.GeminiVertex]: GeminiVertexConfig;
+  [CopilotProviderType.Perplexity]: PerplexityConfig;
+  [CopilotProviderType.Anthropic]: AnthropicOfficialConfig;
+  [CopilotProviderType.AnthropicVertex]: AnthropicVertexConfig;
+  [CopilotProviderType.Morph]: MorphConfig;
+};
+
+export type ProviderSpecificConfig =
+  CopilotProviderConfigMap[keyof CopilotProviderConfigMap];
+
+export const RustRequestMiddlewareValues = [
+  'normalize_messages',
+  'clamp_max_tokens',
+  'tool_schema_rewrite',
+] as const;
+export type RustRequestMiddleware =
+  (typeof RustRequestMiddlewareValues)[number];
+
+export const RustStreamMiddlewareValues = [
+  'stream_event_normalize',
+  'citation_indexing',
+] as const;
+export type RustStreamMiddleware = (typeof RustStreamMiddlewareValues)[number];
+
+export const NodeTextMiddlewareValues = [
+  'citation_footnote',
+  'callout',
+  'thinking_format',
+] as const;
+export type NodeTextMiddleware = (typeof NodeTextMiddlewareValues)[number];
+
+export type ProviderMiddlewareConfig = {
+  rust?: { request?: RustRequestMiddleware[]; stream?: RustStreamMiddleware[] };
+  node?: { text?: NodeTextMiddleware[] };
+};
+
+type CopilotProviderProfileCommon = {
+  id: string;
+  displayName?: string;
+  priority?: number;
+  enabled?: boolean;
+  models?: string[];
+  middleware?: ProviderMiddlewareConfig;
+};
+
+type CopilotProviderProfileVariant<T extends CopilotProviderType> = {
+  type: T;
+  config: CopilotProviderConfigMap[T];
+};
+
+export type CopilotProviderProfile = CopilotProviderProfileCommon &
+  {
+    [Type in CopilotProviderType]: CopilotProviderProfileVariant<Type>;
+  }[CopilotProviderType];
+
+export type CopilotProviderDefaults = Partial<
+  Record<ModelOutputType, string>
+> & {
+  fallback?: string;
+};
+
+const CopilotProviderProfileBaseShape = z.object({
+  id: z.string().regex(/^[a-zA-Z0-9-_]+$/),
+  displayName: z.string().optional(),
+  priority: z.number().optional(),
+  enabled: z.boolean().optional(),
+  models: z.array(z.string()).optional(),
+  middleware: z
+    .object({
+      rust: z
+        .object({
+          request: z.array(z.enum(RustRequestMiddlewareValues)).optional(),
+          stream: z.array(z.enum(RustStreamMiddlewareValues)).optional(),
+        })
+        .optional(),
+      node: z
+        .object({ text: z.array(z.enum(NodeTextMiddlewareValues)).optional() })
+        .optional(),
+    })
+    .optional(),
+});
+
+const OpenAIConfigShape = z.object({
+  apiKey: z.string(),
+  baseURL: z.string().optional(),
+  oldApiStyle: z.boolean().optional(),
+});
+
+const FalConfigShape = z.object({
+  apiKey: z.string(),
+});
+
+const GeminiGenerativeConfigShape = z.object({
+  apiKey: z.string(),
+  baseURL: z.string().optional(),
+});
+
+const VertexProviderConfigShape = z.object({
+  location: z.string().optional(),
+  project: z.string().optional(),
+  baseURL: z.string().optional(),
+  googleAuthOptions: z.any().optional(),
+  fetch: z.any().optional(),
+});
+
+const PerplexityConfigShape = z.object({
+  apiKey: z.string(),
+  endpoint: z.string().optional(),
+});
+
+const AnthropicOfficialConfigShape = z.object({
+  apiKey: z.string(),
+  baseURL: z.string().optional(),
+});
+
+const MorphConfigShape = z.object({
+  apiKey: z.string().optional(),
+});
+
+const CopilotProviderProfileShape = z.discriminatedUnion('type', [
+  CopilotProviderProfileBaseShape.extend({
+    type: z.literal(CopilotProviderType.OpenAI),
+    config: OpenAIConfigShape,
+  }),
+  CopilotProviderProfileBaseShape.extend({
+    type: z.literal(CopilotProviderType.FAL),
+    config: FalConfigShape,
+  }),
+  CopilotProviderProfileBaseShape.extend({
+    type: z.literal(CopilotProviderType.Gemini),
+    config: GeminiGenerativeConfigShape,
+  }),
+  CopilotProviderProfileBaseShape.extend({
+    type: z.literal(CopilotProviderType.GeminiVertex),
+    config: VertexProviderConfigShape,
+  }),
+  CopilotProviderProfileBaseShape.extend({
+    type: z.literal(CopilotProviderType.Perplexity),
+    config: PerplexityConfigShape,
+  }),
+  CopilotProviderProfileBaseShape.extend({
+    type: z.literal(CopilotProviderType.Anthropic),
+    config: AnthropicOfficialConfigShape,
+  }),
+  CopilotProviderProfileBaseShape.extend({
+    type: z.literal(CopilotProviderType.AnthropicVertex),
+    config: VertexProviderConfigShape,
+  }),
+  CopilotProviderProfileBaseShape.extend({
+    type: z.literal(CopilotProviderType.Morph),
+    config: MorphConfigShape,
+  }),
+]);
+
+const CopilotProviderDefaultsShape = z.object({
+  [ModelOutputType.Text]: z.string().optional(),
+  [ModelOutputType.Object]: z.string().optional(),
+  [ModelOutputType.Embedding]: z.string().optional(),
+  [ModelOutputType.Image]: z.string().optional(),
+  [ModelOutputType.Structured]: z.string().optional(),
+  fallback: z.string().optional(),
+});
+
 declare global {
   interface AppConfigSchema {
     copilot: {
@@ -27,6 +201,8 @@ declare global {
       storage: ConfigItem<StorageProviderConfig>;
       scenarios: ConfigItem<CopilotPromptScenario>;
       providers: {
+        profiles: ConfigItem<CopilotProviderProfile[]>;
+        defaults: ConfigItem<CopilotProviderDefaults>;
         openai: ConfigItem<OpenAIConfig>;
         fal: ConfigItem<FalConfig>;
         gemini: ConfigItem<GeminiGenerativeConfig>;
@@ -63,6 +239,16 @@ defineModuleConfig('copilot', {
       },
     },
   },
+  'providers.profiles': {
+    desc: 'The profile list for copilot providers.',
+    default: [],
+    shape: z.array(CopilotProviderProfileShape),
+  },
+  'providers.defaults': {
+    desc: 'The default provider ids for model output types and global fallback.',
+    default: {},
+    shape: CopilotProviderDefaultsShape,
+  },
   'providers.openai': {
     desc: 'The config for the openai provider.',
     default: {
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/controller.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/controller.ts
index 921e50a08..d76ea5059 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/controller.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/controller.ts
@@ -36,10 +36,7 @@ import {
   BlobNotFound,
   CallMetric,
   Config,
-  CopilotFailedToGenerateText,
   CopilotSessionNotFound,
-  InternalServerError,
-  mapAnyError,
   mapSseError,
   metrics,
   NoCopilotProviderAvailable,
@@ -242,61 +239,6 @@ export class CopilotController implements BeforeApplicationShutdown {
     };
   }
 
-  @Get('/chat/:sessionId')
-  @CallMetric('ai', 'chat', { timer: true })
-  async chat(
-    @CurrentUser() user: CurrentUser,
-    @Req() req: Request,
-    @Param('sessionId') sessionId: string,
-    @Query() query: Record<string, string | string[]>
-  ): Promise<string> {
-    const info: any = { sessionId, params: query };
-
-    try {
-      const { provider, model, session, finalMessage } =
-        await this.prepareChatSession(
-          user,
-          sessionId,
-          query,
-          ModelOutputType.Text
-        );
-
-      info.model = model;
-      info.finalMessage = finalMessage.filter(m => m.role !== 'system');
-      metrics.ai.counter('chat_calls').add(1, { model });
-
-      const { reasoning, webSearch, toolsConfig } =
-        ChatQuerySchema.parse(query);
-      const content = await provider.text({ modelId: model }, finalMessage, {
-        ...session.config.promptConfig,
-        signal: getSignal(req).signal,
-        user: user.id,
-        session: session.config.sessionId,
-        workspace: session.config.workspaceId,
-        reasoning,
-        webSearch,
-        tools: getTools(session.config.promptConfig?.tools, toolsConfig),
-      });
-
-      session.push({
-        role: 'assistant',
-        content,
-        createdAt: new Date(),
-      });
-      await session.save();
-
-      return content;
-    } catch (e: any) {
-      metrics.ai.counter('chat_errors').add(1);
-      let error = mapAnyError(e);
-      if (error instanceof InternalServerError) {
-        error = new CopilotFailedToGenerateText(e.message);
-      }
-      error.log('CopilotChat', info);
-      throw error;
-    }
-  }
-
   @Sse('/chat/:sessionId/stream')
   @CallMetric('ai', 'chat_stream', { timer: true })
   async chatStream(
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/prompt/prompts.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/prompt/prompts.ts
index 74d4acb91..cedbfe936 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/prompt/prompts.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/prompt/prompts.ts
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import { AiPrompt, PrismaClient } from '@prisma/client';
 
 import type { PromptConfig, PromptMessage } from '../providers/types';
 
-type Prompt = Omit<
+export type Prompt = Omit<
   AiPrompt,
   | 'id'
   | 'createdAt'
@@ -2095,17 +2095,14 @@ export const prompts: Prompt[] = [
 
 export async function refreshPrompts(db: PrismaClient) {
   const needToSkip = await db.aiPrompt
-    .findMany({
-      where: { modified: true },
-      select: { name: true },
-    })
+    .findMany({ where: { modified: true }, select: { name: true } })
     .then(p => p.map(p => p.name));
 
   for (const prompt of prompts) {
     // skip prompt update if already modified by admin panel
     if (needToSkip.includes(prompt.name)) {
       new Logger('CopilotPrompt').warn(`Skip modified prompt: ${prompt.name}`);
-      return;
+      continue;
     }
 
     await db.aiPrompt.upsert({
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/prompt/service.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/prompt/service.ts
index 789c1722a..c89ba31be 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/prompt/service.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/prompt/service.ts
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import {
 import { ChatPrompt } from './chat-prompt';
 import {
   CopilotPromptScenario,
+  type Prompt,
   prompts,
   refreshPrompts,
   Scenario,
@@ -21,6 +22,7 @@ import {
 export class PromptService implements OnApplicationBootstrap {
   private readonly logger = new Logger(PromptService.name);
   private readonly cache = new Map<string, ChatPrompt>();
+  private readonly inMemoryPrompts = new Map<string, Prompt>();
 
   constructor(
     private readonly config: Config,
@@ -28,7 +30,7 @@ export class PromptService implements OnApplicationBootstrap {
   ) {}
 
   async onApplicationBootstrap() {
-    this.cache.clear();
+    this.resetInMemoryPrompts();
     await refreshPrompts(this.db);
   }
 
@@ -45,6 +47,7 @@ export class PromptService implements OnApplicationBootstrap {
   }
 
   protected async setup(scenarios?: CopilotPromptScenario) {
+    this.ensureInMemoryPrompts();
     if (!!scenarios && scenarios.override_enabled && scenarios.scenarios) {
       this.logger.log('Updating prompts based on scenarios...');
       for (const [scenario, model] of Object.entries(scenarios.scenarios)) {
@@ -75,25 +78,29 @@ export class PromptService implements OnApplicationBootstrap {
    * @returns prompt names
    */
   async listNames() {
-    return this.db.aiPrompt
-      .findMany({ select: { name: true } })
-      .then(prompts => Array.from(new Set(prompts.map(p => p.name))));
+    this.ensureInMemoryPrompts();
+    return Array.from(this.inMemoryPrompts.keys());
   }
 
   async list() {
-    return this.db.aiPrompt.findMany({
-      select: {
-        name: true,
-        action: true,
-        model: true,
-        config: true,
-        messages: {
-          select: { role: true, content: true, params: true },
-          orderBy: { idx: 'asc' },
-        },
-      },
-      orderBy: { action: { sort: 'asc', nulls: 'first' } },
-    });
+    this.ensureInMemoryPrompts();
+    return Array.from(this.inMemoryPrompts.values())
+      .map(prompt => ({
+        name: prompt.name,
+        action: prompt.action ?? null,
+        model: prompt.model,
+        config: prompt.config ? structuredClone(prompt.config) : null,
+        messages: prompt.messages.map(message => ({
+          role: message.role,
+          content: message.content,
+          params: message.params ?? null,
+        })),
+      }))
+      .sort((a, b) => {
+        if (a.action === null && b.action !== null) return -1;
+        if (a.action !== null && b.action === null) return 1;
+        return (a.action ?? '').localeCompare(b.action ?? '');
+      });
   }
 
   /**
@@ -102,40 +109,24 @@ export class PromptService implements OnApplicationBootstrap {
    * @returns prompt messages
    */
   async get(name: string): Promise<ChatPrompt | null> {
+    this.ensureInMemoryPrompts();
+
     // skip cache in dev mode to ensure the latest prompt is always fetched
     if (!env.dev) {
       const cached = this.cache.get(name);
       if (cached) return cached;
     }
 
-    const prompt = await this.db.aiPrompt.findUnique({
-      where: {
-        name,
-      },
-      select: {
-        name: true,
-        action: true,
-        model: true,
-        optionalModels: true,
-        config: true,
-        messages: {
-          select: {
-            role: true,
-            content: true,
-            params: true,
-          },
-          orderBy: {
-            idx: 'asc',
-          },
-        },
-      },
-    });
+    const prompt = this.inMemoryPrompts.get(name);
+    if (!prompt) return null;
 
-    const messages = PromptMessageSchema.array().safeParse(prompt?.messages);
-    const config = PromptConfigSchema.safeParse(prompt?.config);
-    if (prompt && messages.success && config.success) {
+    const messages = PromptMessageSchema.array().safeParse(prompt.messages);
+    const config = PromptConfigSchema.safeParse(prompt.config);
+    if (messages.success && config.success) {
       const chatPrompt = ChatPrompt.createFromPrompt({
-        ...prompt,
+        ...this.clonePrompt(prompt),
+        action: prompt.action ?? null,
+        optionalModels: prompt.optionalModels ?? [],
         config: config.data,
         messages: messages.data,
       });
@@ -149,25 +140,69 @@ export class PromptService implements OnApplicationBootstrap {
     name: string,
     model: string,
     messages: PromptMessage[],
-    config?: PromptConfig | null
+    config?: PromptConfig | null,
+    extraConfig?: { optionalModels: string[] }
   ) {
-    return await this.db.aiPrompt
-      .create({
-        data: {
-          name,
-          model,
-          config: config || undefined,
-          messages: {
-            create: messages.map((m, idx) => ({
-              idx,
-              ...m,
-              attachments: m.attachments || undefined,
-              params: m.params || undefined,
-            })),
+    this.ensureInMemoryPrompts();
+
+    const existing = this.inMemoryPrompts.get(name);
+    const mergedOptionalModels = existing?.optionalModels
+      ? [...existing.optionalModels, ...(extraConfig?.optionalModels ?? [])]
+      : extraConfig?.optionalModels;
+    const inMemoryConfig = (!!config && structuredClone(config)) || undefined;
+    const dbConfig = this.toDbConfig(config);
+    this.inMemoryPrompts.set(name, {
+      name,
+      model,
+      action: existing?.action,
+      optionalModels: mergedOptionalModels,
+      config: inMemoryConfig,
+      messages: this.cloneMessages(messages),
+    });
+    this.cache.delete(name);
+
+    try {
+      return await this.db.aiPrompt
+        .upsert({
+          where: { name },
+          create: {
+            name,
+            action: existing?.action,
+            model,
+            optionalModels: mergedOptionalModels,
+            config: dbConfig,
+            messages: {
+              create: messages.map((m, idx) => ({
+                idx,
+                ...m,
+                attachments: m.attachments || undefined,
+                params: m.params || undefined,
+              })),
+            },
           },
-        },
-      })
-      .then(ret => ret.id);
+          update: {
+            model,
+            optionalModels: mergedOptionalModels,
+            config: dbConfig,
+            updatedAt: new Date(),
+            messages: {
+              deleteMany: {},
+              create: messages.map((m, idx) => ({
+                idx,
+                ...m,
+                attachments: m.attachments || undefined,
+                params: m.params || undefined,
+              })),
+            },
+          },
+        })
+        .then(ret => ret.id);
+    } catch (error) {
+      this.logger.warn(
+        `Compat prompt upsert failed for "${name}": ${this.stringifyError(error)}`
+      );
+      return -1;
+    }
   }
 
   @Transactional()
@@ -177,44 +212,123 @@ export class PromptService implements OnApplicationBootstrap {
       messages?: PromptMessage[];
       model?: string;
       modified?: boolean;
-      config?: PromptConfig;
+      config?: PromptConfig | null;
     },
     where?: Prisma.AiPromptWhereInput
   ) {
+    this.ensureInMemoryPrompts();
     const { config, messages, model, modified } = data;
-    const existing = await this.db.aiPrompt
-      .count({ where: { ...where, name } })
-      .then(count => count > 0);
-    if (existing) {
-      await this.db.aiPrompt.update({
-        where: { name },
-        data: {
-          config: config || undefined,
-          updatedAt: new Date(),
-          modified,
-          model,
-          messages: messages
-            ? {
-                // cleanup old messages
-                deleteMany: {},
-                create: messages.map((m, idx) => ({
-                  idx,
-                  ...m,
-                  attachments: m.attachments || undefined,
-                  params: m.params || undefined,
-                })),
-              }
-            : undefined,
-        },
-      });
 
+    const current = this.inMemoryPrompts.get(name);
+    if (current) {
+      const next = this.clonePrompt(current);
+      if (model !== undefined) {
+        next.model = model;
+      }
+      if (config === null) {
+        next.config = undefined;
+      } else if (config !== undefined) {
+        next.config = structuredClone(config);
+      }
+      if (messages) {
+        next.messages = this.cloneMessages(messages);
+      }
+
+      this.inMemoryPrompts.set(name, next);
       this.cache.delete(name);
     }
+
+    try {
+      const existing = await this.db.aiPrompt
+        .count({ where: { ...where, name } })
+        .then(count => count > 0);
+      if (existing) {
+        await this.db.aiPrompt.update({
+          where: { name },
+          data: {
+            config: this.toDbConfig(config),
+            updatedAt: new Date(),
+            modified,
+            model,
+            messages: messages
+              ? {
+                  // cleanup old messages
+                  deleteMany: {},
+                  create: messages.map((m, idx) => ({
+                    idx,
+                    ...m,
+                    attachments: m.attachments || undefined,
+                    params: m.params || undefined,
+                  })),
+                }
+              : undefined,
+          },
+        });
+      }
+    } catch (error) {
+      this.logger.warn(
+        `Compat prompt update failed for "${name}": ${this.stringifyError(error)}`
+      );
+    }
   }
 
   async delete(name: string) {
-    const { id } = await this.db.aiPrompt.delete({ where: { name } });
+    this.inMemoryPrompts.delete(name);
     this.cache.delete(name);
-    return id;
+
+    try {
+      const { id } = await this.db.aiPrompt.delete({ where: { name } });
+      return id;
+    } catch (error) {
+      this.logger.warn(
+        `Compat prompt delete failed for "${name}": ${this.stringifyError(error)}`
+      );
+      return -1;
+    }
+  }
+
+  private resetInMemoryPrompts() {
+    this.cache.clear();
+    this.inMemoryPrompts.clear();
+    for (const prompt of prompts) {
+      this.inMemoryPrompts.set(prompt.name, this.clonePrompt(prompt));
+    }
+  }
+
+  private ensureInMemoryPrompts() {
+    if (!this.inMemoryPrompts.size) {
+      this.resetInMemoryPrompts();
+    }
+  }
+
+  private toDbConfig(
+    config: PromptConfig | null | undefined
+  ): Prisma.InputJsonValue | Prisma.NullableJsonNullValueInput | undefined {
+    if (config === null) return Prisma.DbNull;
+    if (config === undefined) return undefined;
+    return config as Prisma.InputJsonValue;
+  }
+
+  private cloneMessages(messages: PromptMessage[]) {
+    return messages.map(message => ({
+      ...message,
+      attachments: message.attachments ? [...message.attachments] : undefined,
+      params: message.params ? structuredClone(message.params) : undefined,
+    }));
+  }
+
+  private clonePrompt(prompt: Prompt): Prompt {
+    return {
+      ...prompt,
+      optionalModels: prompt.optionalModels
+        ? [...prompt.optionalModels]
+        : undefined,
+      config: prompt.config ? structuredClone(prompt.config) : undefined,
+      messages: this.cloneMessages(prompt.messages),
+    };
+  }
+
+  private stringifyError(error: unknown) {
+    return error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error);
   }
 }
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/providers/anthropic/anthropic.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/providers/anthropic/anthropic.ts
index 483188cf6..26f2052fa 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/providers/anthropic/anthropic.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/providers/anthropic/anthropic.ts
@@ -1,52 +1,90 @@
-import {
-  type AnthropicProvider as AnthropicSDKProvider,
-  type AnthropicProviderOptions,
-} from '@ai-sdk/anthropic';
-import { type GoogleVertexAnthropicProvider } from '@ai-sdk/google-vertex/anthropic';
-import { AISDKError, generateText, stepCountIs, streamText } from 'ai';
+import type { ToolSet } from 'ai';
 
 import {
   CopilotProviderSideError,
   metrics,
   UserFriendlyError,
 } from '../../../../base';
+import {
+  llmDispatchStream,
+  type NativeLlmBackendConfig,
+  type NativeLlmRequest,
+} from '../../../../native';
+import type { NodeTextMiddleware } from '../../config';
+import { buildNativeRequest, NativeProviderAdapter } from '../native';
 import { CopilotProvider } from '../provider';
 import type {
   CopilotChatOptions,
-  CopilotProviderModel,
   ModelConditions,
   PromptMessage,
   StreamObject,
 } from '../types';
-import { ModelOutputType } from '../types';
-import {
-  chatToGPTMessage,
-  StreamObjectParser,
-  TextStreamParser,
-} from '../utils';
+import { CopilotProviderType, ModelOutputType } from '../types';
+import { getGoogleAuth, getVertexAnthropicBaseUrl } from '../utils';
 
 export abstract class AnthropicProvider<T> extends CopilotProvider<T> {
-  protected abstract instance:
-    | AnthropicSDKProvider
-    | GoogleVertexAnthropicProvider;
-
   private handleError(e: any) {
     if (e instanceof UserFriendlyError) {
       return e;
-    } else if (e instanceof AISDKError) {
-      this.logger.error('Throw error from ai sdk:', e);
-      return new CopilotProviderSideError({
-        provider: this.type,
-        kind: e.name || 'unknown',
-        message: e.message,
-      });
-    } else {
-      return new CopilotProviderSideError({
-        provider: this.type,
-        kind: 'unexpected_response',
-        message: e?.message || 'Unexpected anthropic response',
-      });
     }
+    return new CopilotProviderSideError({
+      provider: this.type,
+      kind: 'unexpected_response',
+      message: e?.message || 'Unexpected anthropic response',
+    });
+  }
+
+  private async createNativeConfig(): Promise<NativeLlmBackendConfig> {
+    if (this.type === CopilotProviderType.AnthropicVertex) {
+      const auth = await getGoogleAuth(this.config as any, 'anthropic');
+      const headers = auth.headers();
+      const authorization =
+        headers.Authorization ||
+        (headers as Record<string, string | undefined>).authorization;
+      const token =
+        typeof authorization === 'string'
+          ? authorization.replace(/^Bearer\s+/i, '')
+          : '';
+      const baseUrl =
+        getVertexAnthropicBaseUrl(this.config as any) || auth.baseUrl;
+      return {
+        base_url: baseUrl || '',
+        auth_token: token,
+        request_layer: 'vertex',
+        headers,
+      };
+    }
+
+    const config = this.config as { apiKey: string; baseURL?: string };
+    const baseUrl = config.baseURL || 'https://api.anthropic.com/v1';
+    return {
+      base_url: baseUrl.replace(/\/v1\/?$/, ''),
+      auth_token: config.apiKey,
+    };
+  }
+
+  private createAdapter(
+    backendConfig: NativeLlmBackendConfig,
+    tools: ToolSet,
+    nodeTextMiddleware?: NodeTextMiddleware[]
+  ) {
+    return new NativeProviderAdapter(
+      (request: NativeLlmRequest, signal?: AbortSignal) =>
+        llmDispatchStream('anthropic', backendConfig, request, signal),
+      tools,
+      this.MAX_STEPS,
+      { nodeTextMiddleware }
+    );
+  }
+
+  private getReasoning(
+    options: NonNullable<CopilotChatOptions>,
+    model: string
+  ): Record<string, unknown> | undefined {
+    if (options.reasoning && this.isReasoningModel(model)) {
+      return { budget_tokens: 12000, include_thought: true };
+    }
+    return undefined;
   }
 
   async text(
@@ -59,28 +97,29 @@ export abstract class AnthropicProvider<T> extends CopilotProvider<T> {
     const model = this.selectModel(fullCond);
 
     try {
-      metrics.ai.counter('chat_text_calls').add(1, { model: model.id });
-
-      const [system, msgs] = await chatToGPTMessage(messages, true, true);
-
-      const modelInstance = this.instance(model.id);
-      const { text, reasoning } = await generateText({
-        model: modelInstance,
-        system,
-        messages: msgs,
-        abortSignal: options.signal,
-        providerOptions: {
-          anthropic: this.getAnthropicOptions(options, model.id),
-        },
-        tools: await this.getTools(options, model.id),
-        stopWhen: stepCountIs(this.MAX_STEPS),
+      metrics.ai.counter('chat_text_calls').add(1, this.metricLabels(model.id));
+      const backendConfig = await this.createNativeConfig();
+      const tools = await this.getTools(options, model.id);
+      const middleware = this.getActiveProviderMiddleware();
+      const reasoning = this.getReasoning(options, model.id);
+      const { request } = await buildNativeRequest({
+        model: model.id,
+        messages,
+        options,
+        tools,
+        reasoning,
+        middleware,
       });
-
-      if (!text) throw new Error('Failed to generate text');
-
-      return reasoning ? `${reasoning}\n${text}` : text;
+      const adapter = this.createAdapter(
+        backendConfig,
+        tools,
+        middleware.node?.text
+      );
+      return await adapter.text(request, options.signal);
     } catch (e: any) {
-      metrics.ai.counter('chat_text_errors').add(1, { model: model.id });
+      metrics.ai
+        .counter('chat_text_errors')
+        .add(1, this.metricLabels(model.id));
       throw this.handleError(e);
     }
   }
@@ -95,25 +134,32 @@ export abstract class AnthropicProvider<T> extends CopilotProvider<T> {
     const model = this.selectModel(fullCond);
 
     try {
-      metrics.ai.counter('chat_text_stream_calls').add(1, { model: model.id });
-      const fullStream = await this.getFullStream(model, messages, options);
-      const parser = new TextStreamParser();
-      for await (const chunk of fullStream) {
-        const result = parser.parse(chunk);
-        yield result;
-        if (options.signal?.aborted) {
-          await fullStream.cancel();
-          break;
-        }
-      }
-      if (!options.signal?.aborted) {
-        const footnotes = parser.end();
-        if (footnotes.length) {
-          yield `\n\n${footnotes}`;
-        }
+      metrics.ai
+        .counter('chat_text_stream_calls')
+        .add(1, this.metricLabels(model.id));
+      const backendConfig = await this.createNativeConfig();
+      const tools = await this.getTools(options, model.id);
+      const middleware = this.getActiveProviderMiddleware();
+      const { request } = await buildNativeRequest({
+        model: model.id,
+        messages,
+        options,
+        tools,
+        reasoning: this.getReasoning(options, model.id),
+        middleware,
+      });
+      const adapter = this.createAdapter(
+        backendConfig,
+        tools,
+        middleware.node?.text
+      );
+      for await (const chunk of adapter.streamText(request, options.signal)) {
+        yield chunk;
       }
     } catch (e: any) {
-      metrics.ai.counter('chat_text_stream_errors').add(1, { model: model.id });
+      metrics.ai
+        .counter('chat_text_stream_errors')
+        .add(1, this.metricLabels(model.id));
       throw this.handleError(e);
     }
   }
@@ -130,58 +176,34 @@ export abstract class AnthropicProvider<T> extends CopilotProvider<T> {
     try {
       metrics.ai
         .counter('chat_object_stream_calls')
-        .add(1, { model: model.id });
-      const fullStream = await this.getFullStream(model, messages, options);
-      const parser = new StreamObjectParser();
-      for await (const chunk of fullStream) {
-        const result = parser.parse(chunk);
-        if (result) {
-          yield result;
-        }
-        if (options.signal?.aborted) {
-          await fullStream.cancel();
-          break;
-        }
+        .add(1, this.metricLabels(model.id));
+      const backendConfig = await this.createNativeConfig();
+      const tools = await this.getTools(options, model.id);
+      const middleware = this.getActiveProviderMiddleware();
+      const { request } = await buildNativeRequest({
+        model: model.id,
+        messages,
+        options,
+        tools,
+        reasoning: this.getReasoning(options, model.id),
+        middleware,
+      });
+      const adapter = this.createAdapter(
+        backendConfig,
+        tools,
+        middleware.node?.text
+      );
+      for await (const chunk of adapter.streamObject(request, options.signal)) {
+        yield chunk;
       }
     } catch (e: any) {
       metrics.ai
         .counter('chat_object_stream_errors')
-        .add(1, { model: model.id });
+        .add(1, this.metricLabels(model.id));
       throw this.handleError(e);
     }
   }
 
-  private async getFullStream(
-    model: CopilotProviderModel,
-    messages: PromptMessage[],
-    options: CopilotChatOptions = {}
-  ) {
-    const [system, msgs] = await chatToGPTMessage(messages, true, true);
-    const { fullStream } = streamText({
-      model: this.instance(model.id),
-      system,
-      messages: msgs,
-      abortSignal: options.signal,
-      providerOptions: {
-        anthropic: this.getAnthropicOptions(options, model.id),
-      },
-      tools: await this.getTools(options, model.id),
-      stopWhen: stepCountIs(this.MAX_STEPS),
-    });
-    return fullStream;
-  }
-
-  private getAnthropicOptions(options: CopilotChatOptions, model: string) {
-    const result: AnthropicProviderOptions = {};
-    if (options?.reasoning && this.isReasoningModel(model)) {
-      result.thinking = {
-        type: 'enabled',
-        budgetTokens: 12000,
-      };
-    }
-    return result;
-  }
-
   private isReasoningModel(model: string) {
     // claude 3.5 sonnet doesn't support reasoning config
     return model.includes('sonnet') && !model.startsWith('claude-3-5-sonnet');
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/providers/anthropic/official.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/providers/anthropic/official.ts
index 5d69aa877..7f4b47648 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/providers/anthropic/official.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/providers/anthropic/official.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-import {
-  type AnthropicProvider as AnthropicSDKProvider,
-  createAnthropic,
-} from '@ai-sdk/anthropic';
 import z from 'zod';
 
 import { CopilotProviderType, ModelInputType, ModelOutputType } from '../types';
@@ -52,18 +48,12 @@ export class AnthropicOfficialProvider extends AnthropicProvider<AnthropicOffici
     },
   ];
 
-  protected instance!: AnthropicSDKProvider;
-
   override configured(): boolean {
     return !!this.config.apiKey;
   }
 
   override setup() {
     super.setup();
-    this.instance = createAnthropic({
-      apiKey: this.config.apiKey,
-      baseURL: this.config.baseURL,
-    });
   }
 
   override async refreshOnlineModels() {
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/providers/anthropic/vertex.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/providers/anthropic/vertex.ts
index 956a4d496..79e0d021d 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/providers/anthropic/vertex.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/providers/anthropic/vertex.ts
@@ -5,7 +5,11 @@ import {
 } from '@ai-sdk/google-vertex/anthropic';
 
 import { CopilotProviderType, ModelInputType, ModelOutputType } from '../types';
-import { getGoogleAuth, VertexModelListSchema } from '../utils';
+import {
+  getGoogleAuth,
+  getVertexAnthropicBaseUrl,
+  VertexModelListSchema,
+} from '../utils';
 import { AnthropicProvider } from './anthropic';
 
 export type AnthropicVertexConfig = GoogleVertexAnthropicProviderSettings;
@@ -49,7 +53,8 @@ export class AnthropicVertexProvider extends AnthropicProvider<AnthropicVertexCo
   protected instance!: GoogleVertexAnthropicProvider;
 
   override configured(): boolean {
-    return !!this.config.location && !!this.config.googleAuthOptions;
+    if (!this.config.location || !this.config.googleAuthOptions) return false;
+    return !!this.config.project || !!getVertexAnthropicBaseUrl(this.config);
   }
 
   override setup() {
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/providers/factory.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/providers/factory.ts
index 0087df911..f4ef9c983 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/providers/factory.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/providers/factory.ts
@@ -1,16 +1,141 @@
 import { Injectable, Logger } from '@nestjs/common';
 
+import { Config } from '../../../base';
 import { ServerFeature, ServerService } from '../../../core';
 import type { CopilotProvider } from './provider';
+import {
+  buildProviderRegistry,
+  resolveModel,
+  stripProviderPrefix,
+} from './provider-registry';
 import { CopilotProviderType, ModelFullConditions } from './types';
 
+function isAsyncIterable(value: unknown): value is AsyncIterable<unknown> {
+  return (
+    value !== null &&
+    value !== undefined &&
+    typeof (value as AsyncIterable<unknown>)[Symbol.asyncIterator] ===
+      'function'
+  );
+}
+
 @Injectable()
 export class CopilotProviderFactory {
-  constructor(private readonly server: ServerService) {}
+  constructor(
+    private readonly server: ServerService,
+    private readonly config: Config
+  ) {}
 
   private readonly logger = new Logger(CopilotProviderFactory.name);
 
-  readonly #providers = new Map<CopilotProviderType, CopilotProvider>();
+  readonly #providers = new Map<string, CopilotProvider>();
+  readonly #boundProviders = new Map<string, CopilotProvider>();
+  readonly #providerIdsByType = new Map<CopilotProviderType, Set<string>>();
+
+  private getRegistry() {
+    return buildProviderRegistry(this.config.copilot.providers);
+  }
+
+  private getPreferredProviderIds(type?: CopilotProviderType) {
+    if (!type) return undefined;
+    return this.#providerIdsByType.get(type);
+  }
+
+  private normalizeCond(
+    providerId: string,
+    cond: ModelFullConditions
+  ): ModelFullConditions {
+    const registry = this.getRegistry();
+    const modelId = stripProviderPrefix(registry, providerId, cond.modelId);
+    return { ...cond, modelId };
+  }
+
+  private normalizeMethodArgs(providerId: string, args: unknown[]) {
+    const [first, ...rest] = args;
+    if (
+      !first ||
+      typeof first !== 'object' ||
+      Array.isArray(first) ||
+      !('modelId' in first)
+    ) {
+      return args;
+    }
+
+    const cond = first as Record<string, unknown>;
+    if (typeof cond.modelId !== 'string') return args;
+
+    const registry = this.getRegistry();
+    const modelId = stripProviderPrefix(registry, providerId, cond.modelId);
+    return [{ ...cond, modelId }, ...rest];
+  }
+
+  private wrapAsyncIterable<T>(
+    provider: CopilotProvider,
+    providerId: string,
+    iterable: AsyncIterable<T>
+  ): AsyncIterableIterator<T> {
+    const iterator = iterable[Symbol.asyncIterator]();
+
+    return {
+      next: value =>
+        provider.runWithProfile(providerId, () => iterator.next(value)),
+      return: value =>
+        provider.runWithProfile(providerId, async () => {
+          if (typeof iterator.return === 'function') {
+            return iterator.return(value as never);
+          }
+          return { done: true, value: value as T };
+        }),
+      throw: error =>
+        provider.runWithProfile(providerId, async () => {
+          if (typeof iterator.throw === 'function') {
+            return iterator.throw(error);
+          }
+          throw error;
+        }),
+      [Symbol.asyncIterator]() {
+        return this;
+      },
+    };
+  }
+
+  private getBoundProvider(providerId: string, provider: CopilotProvider) {
+    const cached = this.#boundProviders.get(providerId);
+    if (cached) {
+      return cached;
+    }
+
+    const wrapped = new Proxy(provider, {
+      get: (target, prop, receiver) => {
+        if (prop === 'providerId') {
+          return providerId;
+        }
+
+        const value = Reflect.get(target, prop, receiver);
+        if (typeof value !== 'function') {
+          return value;
+        }
+
+        return (...args: unknown[]) => {
+          const normalizedArgs = this.normalizeMethodArgs(providerId, args);
+          const result = provider.runWithProfile(providerId, () =>
+            Reflect.apply(value, provider, normalizedArgs)
+          );
+          if (isAsyncIterable(result)) {
+            return this.wrapAsyncIterable(
+              provider,
+              providerId,
+              result as AsyncIterable<unknown>
+            );
+          }
+          return result;
+        };
+      },
+    }) as CopilotProvider;
+
+    this.#boundProviders.set(providerId, wrapped);
+    return wrapped;
+  }
 
   async getProvider(
     cond: ModelFullConditions,
@@ -21,22 +146,41 @@ export class CopilotProviderFactory {
     this.logger.debug(
       `Resolving copilot provider for output type: ${cond.outputType}`
     );
-    let candidate: CopilotProvider | null = null;
-    for (const [type, provider] of this.#providers.entries()) {
-      if (filter.prefer && filter.prefer !== type) {
+    const route = resolveModel({
+      registry: this.getRegistry(),
+      modelId: cond.modelId,
+      outputType: cond.outputType,
+      availableProviderIds: this.#providers.keys(),
+      preferredProviderIds: this.getPreferredProviderIds(filter.prefer),
+    });
+
+    const registry = this.getRegistry();
+    for (const providerId of route.candidateProviderIds) {
+      const provider = this.#providers.get(providerId);
+      if (!provider) continue;
+
+      const profile = registry.profiles.get(providerId);
+      const normalizedCond = this.normalizeCond(providerId, cond);
+      if (
+        normalizedCond.modelId &&
+        profile?.models?.length &&
+        !profile.models.includes(normalizedCond.modelId)
+      ) {
         continue;
       }
 
-      const isMatched = await provider.match(cond);
+      const matched = await provider.runWithProfile(providerId, () =>
+        provider.match(normalizedCond)
+      );
+      if (!matched) continue;
 
-      if (isMatched) {
-        candidate = provider;
-        this.logger.debug(`Copilot provider candidate found: ${type}`);
-        break;
-      }
+      this.logger.debug(
+        `Copilot provider candidate found: ${provider.type} (${providerId})`
+      );
+      return this.getBoundProvider(providerId, provider);
     }
 
-    return candidate;
+    return null;
   }
 
   async getProviderByModel(
@@ -46,31 +190,50 @@ export class CopilotProviderFactory {
     } = {}
   ): Promise<CopilotProvider | null> {
     this.logger.debug(`Resolving copilot provider for model: ${modelId}`);
+    return this.getProvider({ modelId }, filter);
+  }
 
-    let candidate: CopilotProvider | null = null;
-    for (const [type, provider] of this.#providers.entries()) {
-      if (filter.prefer && filter.prefer !== type) {
-        continue;
-      }
-
-      if (await provider.match({ modelId })) {
-        candidate = provider;
-        this.logger.debug(`Copilot provider candidate found: ${type}`);
+  register(providerId: string, provider: CopilotProvider) {
+    const existed = this.#providers.get(providerId);
+    if (existed?.type && existed.type !== provider.type) {
+      const ids = this.#providerIdsByType.get(existed.type);
+      ids?.delete(providerId);
+      if (!ids?.size) {
+        this.#providerIdsByType.delete(existed.type);
       }
     }
 
-    return candidate;
-  }
+    this.#providers.set(providerId, provider);
+    this.#boundProviders.delete(providerId);
 
-  register(provider: CopilotProvider) {
-    this.#providers.set(provider.type, provider);
-    this.logger.log(`Copilot provider [${provider.type}] registered.`);
+    const ids = this.#providerIdsByType.get(provider.type) ?? new Set<string>();
+    ids.add(providerId);
+    this.#providerIdsByType.set(provider.type, ids);
+
+    this.logger.log(
+      `Copilot provider [${provider.type}] registered as [${providerId}].`
+    );
     this.server.enableFeature(ServerFeature.Copilot);
   }
 
-  unregister(provider: CopilotProvider) {
-    this.#providers.delete(provider.type);
-    this.logger.log(`Copilot provider [${provider.type}] unregistered.`);
+  unregister(providerId: string, provider: CopilotProvider) {
+    const existed = this.#providers.get(providerId);
+    if (!existed || existed !== provider) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    this.#providers.delete(providerId);
+    this.#boundProviders.delete(providerId);
+
+    const ids = this.#providerIdsByType.get(provider.type);
+    ids?.delete(providerId);
+    if (!ids?.size) {
+      this.#providerIdsByType.delete(provider.type);
+    }
+
+    this.logger.log(
+      `Copilot provider [${provider.type}] unregistered from [${providerId}].`
+    );
     if (this.#providers.size === 0) {
       this.server.disableFeature(ServerFeature.Copilot);
     }
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/providers/loop.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/providers/loop.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1da0f3514
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/providers/loop.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,381 @@
+import type { ToolSet } from 'ai';
+import { z } from 'zod';
+
+import type {
+  NativeLlmRequest,
+  NativeLlmStreamEvent,
+  NativeLlmToolDefinition,
+} from '../../../native';
+
+export type NativeDispatchFn = (
+  request: NativeLlmRequest,
+  signal?: AbortSignal
+) => AsyncIterableIterator<NativeLlmStreamEvent>;
+
+export type NativeToolCall = {
+  id: string;
+  name: string;
+  args: Record<string, unknown>;
+  thought?: string;
+};
+
+type ToolCallState = {
+  name?: string;
+  argumentsText: string;
+};
+
+type ToolExecutionResult = {
+  callId: string;
+  name: string;
+  args: Record<string, unknown>;
+  output: unknown;
+  isError?: boolean;
+};
+
+export class ToolCallAccumulator {
+  readonly #states = new Map<string, ToolCallState>();
+
+  feedDelta(event: Extract<NativeLlmStreamEvent, { type: 'tool_call_delta' }>) {
+    const state = this.#states.get(event.call_id) ?? {
+      argumentsText: '',
+    };
+    if (event.name) {
+      state.name = event.name;
+    }
+    if (event.arguments_delta) {
+      state.argumentsText += event.arguments_delta;
+    }
+    this.#states.set(event.call_id, state);
+  }
+
+  complete(event: Extract<NativeLlmStreamEvent, { type: 'tool_call' }>) {
+    const state = this.#states.get(event.call_id);
+    this.#states.delete(event.call_id);
+    return {
+      id: event.call_id,
+      name: event.name || state?.name || '',
+      args: this.parseArgs(
+        event.arguments ?? this.parseJson(state?.argumentsText ?? '{}')
+      ),
+      thought: event.thought,
+    } satisfies NativeToolCall;
+  }
+
+  drainPending() {
+    const pending: NativeToolCall[] = [];
+    for (const [callId, state] of this.#states.entries()) {
+      if (!state.name) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      pending.push({
+        id: callId,
+        name: state.name,
+        args: this.parseArgs(this.parseJson(state.argumentsText)),
+      });
+    }
+    this.#states.clear();
+    return pending;
+  }
+
+  private parseJson(jsonText: string): unknown {
+    if (!jsonText.trim()) {
+      return {};
+    }
+    try {
+      return JSON.parse(jsonText);
+    } catch {
+      return {};
+    }
+  }
+
+  private parseArgs(value: unknown): Record<string, unknown> {
+    if (value && typeof value === 'object' && !Array.isArray(value)) {
+      return value as Record<string, unknown>;
+    }
+    return {};
+  }
+}
+
+export class ToolSchemaExtractor {
+  static extract(toolSet: ToolSet): NativeLlmToolDefinition[] {
+    return Object.entries(toolSet).map(([name, tool]) => {
+      const unknownTool = tool as Record<string, unknown>;
+      const inputSchema =
+        unknownTool.inputSchema ?? unknownTool.parameters ?? z.object({});
+
+      return {
+        name,
+        description:
+          typeof unknownTool.description === 'string'
+            ? unknownTool.description
+            : undefined,
+        parameters: this.toJsonSchema(inputSchema),
+      };
+    });
+  }
+
+  private static toJsonSchema(schema: unknown): Record<string, unknown> {
+    if (!(schema instanceof z.ZodType)) {
+      if (schema && typeof schema === 'object' && !Array.isArray(schema)) {
+        return schema as Record<string, unknown>;
+      }
+      return { type: 'object', properties: {} };
+    }
+
+    if (schema instanceof z.ZodObject) {
+      const shape = schema.shape;
+      const properties: Record<string, unknown> = {};
+      const required: string[] = [];
+
+      for (const [key, child] of Object.entries(
+        shape as Record<string, z.ZodTypeAny>
+      )) {
+        properties[key] = this.toJsonSchema(child);
+        if (!this.isOptional(child)) {
+          required.push(key);
+        }
+      }
+
+      return {
+        type: 'object',
+        properties,
+        additionalProperties: false,
+        ...(required.length ? { required } : {}),
+      };
+    }
+
+    if (schema instanceof z.ZodString) {
+      return { type: 'string' };
+    }
+    if (schema instanceof z.ZodNumber) {
+      return { type: 'number' };
+    }
+    if (schema instanceof z.ZodBoolean) {
+      return { type: 'boolean' };
+    }
+    if (schema instanceof z.ZodArray) {
+      return { type: 'array', items: this.toJsonSchema(schema.element) };
+    }
+    if (schema instanceof z.ZodEnum) {
+      return { type: 'string', enum: schema.options };
+    }
+    if (schema instanceof z.ZodLiteral) {
+      const literal = schema.value;
+      if (literal === null) {
+        return { const: null, type: 'null' };
+      }
+      if (typeof literal === 'string') {
+        return { const: literal, type: 'string' };
+      }
+      if (typeof literal === 'number') {
+        return { const: literal, type: 'number' };
+      }
+      if (typeof literal === 'boolean') {
+        return { const: literal, type: 'boolean' };
+      }
+      return { const: literal };
+    }
+    if (schema instanceof z.ZodUnion) {
+      return {
+        anyOf: schema.options.map((option: z.ZodTypeAny) =>
+          this.toJsonSchema(option)
+        ),
+      };
+    }
+    if (schema instanceof z.ZodRecord) {
+      return {
+        type: 'object',
+        additionalProperties: this.toJsonSchema(schema.valueSchema),
+      };
+    }
+
+    if (schema instanceof z.ZodNullable) {
+      const inner = (schema._def as { innerType?: z.ZodTypeAny }).innerType;
+      return { anyOf: [this.toJsonSchema(inner), { type: 'null' }] };
+    }
+
+    if (schema instanceof z.ZodOptional || schema instanceof z.ZodDefault) {
+      return this.toJsonSchema(
+        (schema._def as { innerType?: z.ZodTypeAny }).innerType
+      );
+    }
+
+    if (schema instanceof z.ZodEffects) {
+      return this.toJsonSchema(
+        (schema._def as { schema?: z.ZodTypeAny }).schema
+      );
+    }
+
+    return { type: 'object', properties: {} };
+  }
+
+  private static isOptional(schema: z.ZodTypeAny): boolean {
+    if (schema instanceof z.ZodOptional || schema instanceof z.ZodDefault) {
+      return true;
+    }
+    if (schema instanceof z.ZodNullable) {
+      return this.isOptional(
+        (schema._def as { innerType: z.ZodTypeAny }).innerType
+      );
+    }
+    if (schema instanceof z.ZodEffects) {
+      return this.isOptional((schema._def as { schema: z.ZodTypeAny }).schema);
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+}
+
+export class ToolCallLoop {
+  constructor(
+    private readonly dispatch: NativeDispatchFn,
+    private readonly tools: ToolSet,
+    private readonly maxSteps = 20
+  ) {}
+
+  async *run(
+    request: NativeLlmRequest,
+    signal?: AbortSignal
+  ): AsyncIterableIterator<NativeLlmStreamEvent> {
+    const messages = request.messages.map(message => ({
+      ...message,
+      content: [...message.content],
+    }));
+
+    for (let step = 0; step < this.maxSteps; step++) {
+      const toolCalls: NativeToolCall[] = [];
+      const accumulator = new ToolCallAccumulator();
+      let finalDone: Extract<NativeLlmStreamEvent, { type: 'done' }> | null =
+        null;
+
+      for await (const event of this.dispatch(
+        {
+          ...request,
+          stream: true,
+          messages,
+        },
+        signal
+      )) {
+        switch (event.type) {
+          case 'tool_call_delta': {
+            accumulator.feedDelta(event);
+            break;
+          }
+          case 'tool_call': {
+            toolCalls.push(accumulator.complete(event));
+            yield event;
+            break;
+          }
+          case 'done': {
+            finalDone = event;
+            break;
+          }
+          case 'error': {
+            throw new Error(event.message);
+          }
+          default: {
+            yield event;
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      toolCalls.push(...accumulator.drainPending());
+      if (toolCalls.length === 0) {
+        if (finalDone) {
+          yield finalDone;
+        }
+        break;
+      }
+
+      if (step === this.maxSteps - 1) {
+        throw new Error('ToolCallLoop max steps reached');
+      }
+
+      const toolResults = await this.executeTools(toolCalls);
+
+      messages.push({
+        role: 'assistant',
+        content: toolCalls.map(call => ({
+          type: 'tool_call',
+          call_id: call.id,
+          name: call.name,
+          arguments: call.args,
+          thought: call.thought,
+        })),
+      });
+
+      for (const result of toolResults) {
+        messages.push({
+          role: 'tool',
+          content: [
+            {
+              type: 'tool_result',
+              call_id: result.callId,
+              output: result.output,
+              is_error: result.isError,
+            },
+          ],
+        });
+        yield {
+          type: 'tool_result',
+          call_id: result.callId,
+          name: result.name,
+          arguments: result.args,
+          output: result.output,
+          is_error: result.isError,
+        };
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private async executeTools(calls: NativeToolCall[]) {
+    return await Promise.all(calls.map(call => this.executeTool(call)));
+  }
+
+  private async executeTool(
+    call: NativeToolCall
+  ): Promise<ToolExecutionResult> {
+    const tool = this.tools[call.name] as
+      | {
+          execute?: (args: Record<string, unknown>) => Promise<unknown>;
+        }
+      | undefined;
+
+    if (!tool?.execute) {
+      return {
+        callId: call.id,
+        name: call.name,
+        args: call.args,
+        isError: true,
+        output: {
+          message: `Tool not found: ${call.name}`,
+        },
+      };
+    }
+
+    try {
+      const output = await tool.execute(call.args);
+      return {
+        callId: call.id,
+        name: call.name,
+        args: call.args,
+        output: output ?? null,
+      };
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error('Tool execution failed', {
+        callId: call.id,
+        toolName: call.name,
+        error,
+      });
+      return {
+        callId: call.id,
+        name: call.name,
+        args: call.args,
+        isError: true,
+        output: {
+          message: 'Tool execution failed',
+        },
+      };
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/providers/morph.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/providers/morph.ts
index 36f96c9f2..3d5d2aa96 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/providers/morph.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/providers/morph.ts
@@ -1,14 +1,17 @@
-import {
-  createOpenAICompatible,
-  OpenAICompatibleProvider as VercelOpenAICompatibleProvider,
-} from '@ai-sdk/openai-compatible';
-import { AISDKError, generateText, streamText } from 'ai';
+import type { ToolSet } from 'ai';
 
 import {
   CopilotProviderSideError,
   metrics,
   UserFriendlyError,
 } from '../../../base';
+import {
+  llmDispatchStream,
+  type NativeLlmBackendConfig,
+  type NativeLlmRequest,
+} from '../../../native';
+import type { NodeTextMiddleware } from '../config';
+import { buildNativeRequest, NativeProviderAdapter } from './native';
 import { CopilotProvider } from './provider';
 import type {
   CopilotChatOptions,
@@ -16,7 +19,6 @@ import type {
   PromptMessage,
 } from './types';
 import { CopilotProviderType, ModelInputType, ModelOutputType } from './types';
-import { chatToGPTMessage, TextStreamParser } from './utils';
 
 export const DEFAULT_DIMENSIONS = 256;
 
@@ -57,37 +59,48 @@ export class MorphProvider extends CopilotProvider<MorphConfig> {
     },
   ];
 
-  #instance!: VercelOpenAICompatibleProvider;
-
   override configured(): boolean {
     return !!this.config.apiKey;
   }
 
   protected override setup() {
     super.setup();
-    this.#instance = createOpenAICompatible({
-      name: this.type,
-      apiKey: this.config.apiKey,
-      baseURL: 'https://api.morphllm.com/v1',
-    });
   }
 
   private handleError(e: any) {
     if (e instanceof UserFriendlyError) {
       return e;
-    } else if (e instanceof AISDKError) {
-      return new CopilotProviderSideError({
-        provider: this.type,
-        kind: e.name || 'unknown',
-        message: e.message,
-      });
-    } else {
-      return new CopilotProviderSideError({
-        provider: this.type,
-        kind: 'unexpected_response',
-        message: e?.message || 'Unexpected morph response',
-      });
     }
+    return new CopilotProviderSideError({
+      provider: this.type,
+      kind: 'unexpected_response',
+      message: e?.message || 'Unexpected morph response',
+    });
+  }
+
+  private createNativeConfig(): NativeLlmBackendConfig {
+    return {
+      base_url: 'https://api.morphllm.com',
+      auth_token: this.config.apiKey ?? '',
+    };
+  }
+
+  private createNativeAdapter(
+    tools: ToolSet,
+    nodeTextMiddleware?: NodeTextMiddleware[]
+  ) {
+    return new NativeProviderAdapter(
+      (request: NativeLlmRequest, signal?: AbortSignal) =>
+        llmDispatchStream(
+          'openai_chat',
+          this.createNativeConfig(),
+          request,
+          signal
+        ),
+      tools,
+      this.MAX_STEPS,
+      { nodeTextMiddleware }
+    );
   }
 
   async text(
@@ -103,22 +116,22 @@ export class MorphProvider extends CopilotProvider<MorphConfig> {
     const model = this.selectModel(fullCond);
 
     try {
-      metrics.ai.counter('chat_text_calls').add(1, { model: model.id });
-
-      const [system, msgs] = await chatToGPTMessage(messages);
-
-      const modelInstance = this.#instance(model.id);
-
-      const { text } = await generateText({
-        model: modelInstance,
-        system,
-        messages: msgs,
-        abortSignal: options.signal,
+      metrics.ai.counter('chat_text_calls').add(1, this.metricLabels(model.id));
+      const tools = await this.getTools(options, model.id);
+      const middleware = this.getActiveProviderMiddleware();
+      const { request } = await buildNativeRequest({
+        model: model.id,
+        messages,
+        options,
+        tools,
+        middleware,
       });
-
-      return text.trim();
+      const adapter = this.createNativeAdapter(tools, middleware.node?.text);
+      return await adapter.text(request, options.signal);
     } catch (e: any) {
-      metrics.ai.counter('chat_text_errors').add(1, { model: model.id });
+      metrics.ai
+        .counter('chat_text_errors')
+        .add(1, this.metricLabels(model.id));
       throw this.handleError(e);
     }
   }
@@ -136,38 +149,26 @@ export class MorphProvider extends CopilotProvider<MorphConfig> {
     const model = this.selectModel(fullCond);
 
     try {
-      metrics.ai.counter('chat_text_stream_calls').add(1, { model: model.id });
-      const [system, msgs] = await chatToGPTMessage(messages);
-
-      const modelInstance = this.#instance(model.id);
-
-      const { fullStream } = streamText({
-        model: modelInstance,
-        system,
-        messages: msgs,
-        abortSignal: options.signal,
+      metrics.ai
+        .counter('chat_text_stream_calls')
+        .add(1, this.metricLabels(model.id));
+      const tools = await this.getTools(options, model.id);
+      const middleware = this.getActiveProviderMiddleware();
+      const { request } = await buildNativeRequest({
+        model: model.id,
+        messages,
+        options,
+        tools,
+        middleware,
       });
-
-      const textParser = new TextStreamParser();
-      for await (const chunk of fullStream) {
-        switch (chunk.type) {
-          case 'text-delta': {
-            let result = textParser.parse(chunk);
-            yield result;
-            break;
-          }
-          default: {
-            yield textParser.parse(chunk);
-            break;
-          }
-        }
-        if (options.signal?.aborted) {
-          await fullStream.cancel();
-          break;
-        }
+      const adapter = this.createNativeAdapter(tools, middleware.node?.text);
+      for await (const chunk of adapter.streamText(request, options.signal)) {
+        yield chunk;
       }
     } catch (e: any) {
-      metrics.ai.counter('chat_text_stream_errors').add(1, { model: model.id });
+      metrics.ai
+        .counter('chat_text_stream_errors')
+        .add(1, this.metricLabels(model.id));
       throw this.handleError(e);
     }
   }
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/providers/native.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/providers/native.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0d79a1a7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/providers/native.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,464 @@
+import type { ToolSet } from 'ai';
+import { ZodType } from 'zod';
+
+import type {
+  NativeLlmCoreContent,
+  NativeLlmCoreMessage,
+  NativeLlmRequest,
+  NativeLlmStreamEvent,
+} from '../../../native';
+import type { NodeTextMiddleware, ProviderMiddlewareConfig } from '../config';
+import { NativeDispatchFn, ToolCallLoop, ToolSchemaExtractor } from './loop';
+import type { CopilotChatOptions, PromptMessage, StreamObject } from './types';
+import {
+  CitationFootnoteFormatter,
+  inferMimeType,
+  TextStreamParser,
+} from './utils';
+
+const SIMPLE_IMAGE_URL_REGEX = /^(https?:\/\/|data:image\/)/;
+
+type BuildNativeRequestOptions = {
+  model: string;
+  messages: PromptMessage[];
+  options?: CopilotChatOptions;
+  tools?: ToolSet;
+  withAttachment?: boolean;
+  include?: string[];
+  reasoning?: Record<string, unknown>;
+  middleware?: ProviderMiddlewareConfig;
+};
+
+type BuildNativeRequestResult = {
+  request: NativeLlmRequest;
+  schema?: ZodType;
+};
+
+type ToolCallMeta = {
+  name: string;
+  args: Record<string, unknown>;
+};
+
+type NormalizedToolResultEvent = Extract<
+  NativeLlmStreamEvent,
+  { type: 'tool_result' }
+> & {
+  name: string;
+  arguments: Record<string, unknown>;
+};
+
+type AttachmentFootnote = {
+  blobId: string;
+  fileName: string;
+  fileType: string;
+};
+
+type NativeProviderAdapterOptions = {
+  nodeTextMiddleware?: NodeTextMiddleware[];
+};
+
+function roleToCore(role: PromptMessage['role']) {
+  switch (role) {
+    case 'assistant':
+      return 'assistant';
+    case 'system':
+      return 'system';
+    default:
+      return 'user';
+  }
+}
+
+async function toCoreContents(
+  message: PromptMessage,
+  withAttachment: boolean
+): Promise<NativeLlmCoreContent[]> {
+  const contents: NativeLlmCoreContent[] = [];
+
+  if (typeof message.content === 'string' && message.content.length) {
+    contents.push({ type: 'text', text: message.content });
+  }
+
+  if (!withAttachment || !Array.isArray(message.attachments)) return contents;
+
+  for (const entry of message.attachments) {
+    let attachmentUrl: string;
+    let mediaType: string;
+
+    if (typeof entry === 'string') {
+      attachmentUrl = entry;
+      mediaType =
+        typeof message.params?.mimetype === 'string'
+          ? message.params.mimetype
+          : await inferMimeType(entry);
+    } else {
+      attachmentUrl = entry.attachment;
+      mediaType = entry.mimeType;
+    }
+
+    if (!SIMPLE_IMAGE_URL_REGEX.test(attachmentUrl)) continue;
+    if (!mediaType.startsWith('image/')) continue;
+
+    contents.push({ type: 'image', source: { url: attachmentUrl } });
+  }
+
+  return contents;
+}
+
+export async function buildNativeRequest({
+  model,
+  messages,
+  options = {},
+  tools = {},
+  withAttachment = true,
+  include,
+  reasoning,
+  middleware,
+}: BuildNativeRequestOptions): Promise<BuildNativeRequestResult> {
+  const copiedMessages = messages.map(message => ({
+    ...message,
+    attachments: message.attachments
+      ? [...message.attachments]
+      : message.attachments,
+  }));
+
+  const systemMessage =
+    copiedMessages[0]?.role === 'system' ? copiedMessages.shift() : undefined;
+  const schema =
+    systemMessage?.params?.schema instanceof ZodType
+      ? systemMessage.params.schema
+      : undefined;
+
+  const coreMessages: NativeLlmCoreMessage[] = [];
+  if (systemMessage?.content?.length) {
+    coreMessages.push({
+      role: 'system',
+      content: [{ type: 'text', text: systemMessage.content }],
+    });
+  }
+
+  for (const message of copiedMessages) {
+    if (message.role === 'system') continue;
+    const content = await toCoreContents(message, withAttachment);
+    coreMessages.push({ role: roleToCore(message.role), content });
+  }
+
+  return {
+    request: {
+      model,
+      stream: true,
+      messages: coreMessages,
+      max_tokens: options.maxTokens ?? undefined,
+      temperature: options.temperature ?? undefined,
+      tools: ToolSchemaExtractor.extract(tools),
+      tool_choice: Object.keys(tools).length ? 'auto' : undefined,
+      include,
+      reasoning,
+      middleware: middleware?.rust
+        ? { request: middleware.rust.request, stream: middleware.rust.stream }
+        : undefined,
+    },
+    schema,
+  };
+}
+
+function ensureToolResultMeta(
+  event: Extract<NativeLlmStreamEvent, { type: 'tool_result' }>,
+  toolCalls: Map<string, ToolCallMeta>
+): NormalizedToolResultEvent | null {
+  const name = event.name ?? toolCalls.get(event.call_id)?.name;
+  const args = event.arguments ?? toolCalls.get(event.call_id)?.args;
+
+  if (!name || !args) return null;
+  return { ...event, name, arguments: args };
+}
+
+function pickAttachmentFootnote(value: unknown): AttachmentFootnote | null {
+  if (!value || typeof value !== 'object') {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  const record = value as Record<string, unknown>;
+  const blobId =
+    typeof record.blobId === 'string'
+      ? record.blobId
+      : typeof record.blob_id === 'string'
+        ? record.blob_id
+        : undefined;
+  const fileName =
+    typeof record.fileName === 'string'
+      ? record.fileName
+      : typeof record.name === 'string'
+        ? record.name
+        : undefined;
+  const fileType =
+    typeof record.fileType === 'string'
+      ? record.fileType
+      : typeof record.mimeType === 'string'
+        ? record.mimeType
+        : 'application/octet-stream';
+
+  if (!blobId || !fileName) {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  return { blobId, fileName, fileType };
+}
+
+function collectAttachmentFootnotes(
+  event: NormalizedToolResultEvent
+): AttachmentFootnote[] {
+  if (event.name === 'blob_read') {
+    const item = pickAttachmentFootnote(event.output);
+    return item ? [item] : [];
+  }
+
+  if (event.name === 'doc_semantic_search' && Array.isArray(event.output)) {
+    return event.output
+      .map(item => pickAttachmentFootnote(item))
+      .filter((item): item is AttachmentFootnote => item !== null);
+  }
+
+  return [];
+}
+
+function formatAttachmentFootnotes(attachments: AttachmentFootnote[]) {
+  const references = attachments.map((_, index) => `[^${index + 1}]`).join('');
+  const definitions = attachments
+    .map((attachment, index) => {
+      return `[^${index + 1}]: ${JSON.stringify({
+        type: 'attachment',
+        blobId: attachment.blobId,
+        fileName: attachment.fileName,
+        fileType: attachment.fileType,
+      })}`;
+    })
+    .join('\n');
+
+  return `\n\n${references}\n\n${definitions}`;
+}
+
+export class NativeProviderAdapter {
+  readonly #loop: ToolCallLoop;
+  readonly #enableCallout: boolean;
+  readonly #enableCitationFootnote: boolean;
+
+  constructor(
+    dispatch: NativeDispatchFn,
+    tools: ToolSet,
+    maxSteps = 20,
+    options: NativeProviderAdapterOptions = {}
+  ) {
+    this.#loop = new ToolCallLoop(dispatch, tools, maxSteps);
+    const enabledNodeTextMiddlewares = new Set(
+      options.nodeTextMiddleware ?? ['citation_footnote', 'callout']
+    );
+    this.#enableCallout =
+      enabledNodeTextMiddlewares.has('callout') ||
+      enabledNodeTextMiddlewares.has('thinking_format');
+    this.#enableCitationFootnote =
+      enabledNodeTextMiddlewares.has('citation_footnote');
+  }
+
+  async text(request: NativeLlmRequest, signal?: AbortSignal) {
+    let output = '';
+    for await (const chunk of this.streamText(request, signal)) {
+      output += chunk;
+    }
+    return output.trim();
+  }
+
+  async *streamText(
+    request: NativeLlmRequest,
+    signal?: AbortSignal
+  ): AsyncIterableIterator<string> {
+    const textParser = this.#enableCallout ? new TextStreamParser() : null;
+    const citationFormatter = this.#enableCitationFootnote
+      ? new CitationFootnoteFormatter()
+      : null;
+    const toolCalls = new Map<string, ToolCallMeta>();
+    let streamPartId = 0;
+
+    for await (const event of this.#loop.run(request, signal)) {
+      switch (event.type) {
+        case 'text_delta': {
+          if (textParser) {
+            yield textParser.parse({
+              type: 'text-delta',
+              id: String(streamPartId++),
+              text: event.text,
+            });
+          } else {
+            yield event.text;
+          }
+          break;
+        }
+        case 'reasoning_delta': {
+          if (textParser) {
+            yield textParser.parse({
+              type: 'reasoning-delta',
+              id: String(streamPartId++),
+              text: event.text,
+            });
+          } else {
+            yield event.text;
+          }
+          break;
+        }
+        case 'tool_call': {
+          const toolCall = {
+            name: event.name,
+            args: event.arguments,
+          };
+          toolCalls.set(event.call_id, toolCall);
+          if (textParser) {
+            yield textParser.parse({
+              type: 'tool-call',
+              toolCallId: event.call_id,
+              toolName: event.name as never,
+              input: event.arguments,
+            });
+          }
+          break;
+        }
+        case 'tool_result': {
+          const normalized = ensureToolResultMeta(event, toolCalls);
+          if (!normalized || !textParser) {
+            break;
+          }
+          yield textParser.parse({
+            type: 'tool-result',
+            toolCallId: normalized.call_id,
+            toolName: normalized.name as never,
+            input: normalized.arguments,
+            output: normalized.output,
+          });
+          break;
+        }
+        case 'citation': {
+          if (citationFormatter) {
+            citationFormatter.consume({
+              type: 'citation',
+              index: event.index,
+              url: event.url,
+            });
+          }
+          break;
+        }
+        case 'done': {
+          const footnotes = textParser?.end() ?? '';
+          const citations = citationFormatter?.end() ?? '';
+          const tails = [citations, footnotes].filter(Boolean).join('\n');
+          if (tails) {
+            yield `\n${tails}`;
+          }
+          break;
+        }
+        case 'error': {
+          throw new Error(event.message);
+        }
+        default:
+          break;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  async *streamObject(
+    request: NativeLlmRequest,
+    signal?: AbortSignal
+  ): AsyncIterableIterator<StreamObject> {
+    const toolCalls = new Map<string, ToolCallMeta>();
+    const citationFormatter = this.#enableCitationFootnote
+      ? new CitationFootnoteFormatter()
+      : null;
+    const fallbackAttachmentFootnotes = new Map<string, AttachmentFootnote>();
+    let hasFootnoteReference = false;
+
+    for await (const event of this.#loop.run(request, signal)) {
+      switch (event.type) {
+        case 'text_delta': {
+          if (event.text.includes('[^')) {
+            hasFootnoteReference = true;
+          }
+          yield {
+            type: 'text-delta',
+            textDelta: event.text,
+          };
+          break;
+        }
+        case 'reasoning_delta': {
+          yield {
+            type: 'reasoning',
+            textDelta: event.text,
+          };
+          break;
+        }
+        case 'tool_call': {
+          const toolCall = {
+            name: event.name,
+            args: event.arguments,
+          };
+          toolCalls.set(event.call_id, toolCall);
+          yield {
+            type: 'tool-call',
+            toolCallId: event.call_id,
+            toolName: event.name,
+            args: event.arguments,
+          };
+          break;
+        }
+        case 'tool_result': {
+          const normalized = ensureToolResultMeta(event, toolCalls);
+          if (!normalized) {
+            break;
+          }
+          const attachments = collectAttachmentFootnotes(normalized);
+          attachments.forEach(attachment => {
+            fallbackAttachmentFootnotes.set(attachment.blobId, attachment);
+          });
+          yield {
+            type: 'tool-result',
+            toolCallId: normalized.call_id,
+            toolName: normalized.name,
+            args: normalized.arguments,
+            result: normalized.output,
+          };
+          break;
+        }
+        case 'citation': {
+          if (citationFormatter) {
+            citationFormatter.consume({
+              type: 'citation',
+              index: event.index,
+              url: event.url,
+            });
+          }
+          break;
+        }
+        case 'done': {
+          const citations = citationFormatter?.end() ?? '';
+          if (citations) {
+            hasFootnoteReference = true;
+            yield {
+              type: 'text-delta',
+              textDelta: `\n${citations}`,
+            };
+          }
+          if (!hasFootnoteReference && fallbackAttachmentFootnotes.size > 0) {
+            yield {
+              type: 'text-delta',
+              textDelta: formatAttachmentFootnotes(
+                Array.from(fallbackAttachmentFootnotes.values())
+              ),
+            };
+          }
+          break;
+        }
+        case 'error': {
+          throw new Error(event.message);
+        }
+        default:
+          break;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/providers/openai.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/providers/openai.ts
index 1b69e9037..4297552c6 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/providers/openai.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/providers/openai.ts
@@ -1,53 +1,35 @@
-import {
-  createOpenAI,
-  openai,
-  type OpenAIProvider as VercelOpenAIProvider,
-  OpenAIResponsesProviderOptions,
-} from '@ai-sdk/openai';
-import {
-  createOpenAICompatible,
-  type OpenAICompatibleProvider as VercelOpenAICompatibleProvider,
-} from '@ai-sdk/openai-compatible';
-import {
-  AISDKError,
-  embedMany,
-  experimental_generateImage as generateImage,
-  generateObject,
-  generateText,
-  stepCountIs,
-  streamText,
-  Tool,
-} from 'ai';
+import type { Tool, ToolSet } from 'ai';
 import { z } from 'zod';
 
 import {
   CopilotPromptInvalid,
-  CopilotProviderNotSupported,
   CopilotProviderSideError,
-  fetchBuffer,
   metrics,
   OneMB,
+  readResponseBufferWithLimit,
+  safeFetch,
   UserFriendlyError,
 } from '../../../base';
+import {
+  llmDispatchStream,
+  type NativeLlmBackendConfig,
+  type NativeLlmRequest,
+} from '../../../native';
+import type { NodeTextMiddleware } from '../config';
+import { buildNativeRequest, NativeProviderAdapter } from './native';
 import { CopilotProvider } from './provider';
 import type {
   CopilotChatOptions,
   CopilotChatTools,
   CopilotEmbeddingOptions,
   CopilotImageOptions,
-  CopilotProviderModel,
   CopilotStructuredOptions,
   ModelConditions,
   PromptMessage,
   StreamObject,
 } from './types';
 import { CopilotProviderType, ModelInputType, ModelOutputType } from './types';
-import {
-  chatToGPTMessage,
-  CitationParser,
-  StreamObjectParser,
-  TextStreamParser,
-} from './utils';
+import { chatToGPTMessage } from './utils';
 
 export const DEFAULT_DIMENSIONS = 256;
 
@@ -63,7 +45,12 @@ const ModelListSchema = z.object({
 
 const ImageResponseSchema = z.union([
   z.object({
-    data: z.array(z.object({ b64_json: z.string() })),
+    data: z.array(
+      z.object({
+        b64_json: z.string().optional(),
+        url: z.string().optional(),
+      })
+    ),
   }),
   z.object({
     error: z.object({
@@ -87,6 +74,38 @@ const LogProbsSchema = z.array(
   })
 );
 
+const TRUSTED_ATTACHMENT_HOST_SUFFIXES = ['cdn.affine.pro'];
+
+function normalizeImageFormatToMime(format?: string) {
+  switch (format?.toLowerCase()) {
+    case 'jpg':
+    case 'jpeg':
+      return 'image/jpeg';
+    case 'webp':
+      return 'image/webp';
+    case 'png':
+      return 'image/png';
+    case 'gif':
+      return 'image/gif';
+    default:
+      return 'image/png';
+  }
+}
+
+function normalizeImageResponseData(
+  data: { b64_json?: string; url?: string }[],
+  mimeType: string = 'image/png'
+) {
+  return data
+    .map(image => {
+      if (image.b64_json) {
+        return `data:${mimeType};base64,${image.b64_json}`;
+      }
+      return image.url;
+    })
+    .filter((value): value is string => typeof value === 'string');
+}
+
 export class OpenAIProvider extends CopilotProvider<OpenAIConfig> {
   readonly type = CopilotProviderType.OpenAI;
 
@@ -319,53 +338,23 @@ export class OpenAIProvider extends CopilotProvider<OpenAIConfig> {
     },
   ];
 
-  #instance!: VercelOpenAIProvider | VercelOpenAICompatibleProvider;
-
   override configured(): boolean {
     return !!this.config.apiKey;
   }
 
   protected override setup() {
     super.setup();
-    this.#instance =
-      this.config.oldApiStyle && this.config.baseURL
-        ? createOpenAICompatible({
-            name: 'openai-compatible-old-style',
-            apiKey: this.config.apiKey,
-            baseURL: this.config.baseURL,
-          })
-        : createOpenAI({
-            apiKey: this.config.apiKey,
-            baseURL: this.config.baseURL,
-          });
   }
 
-  private handleError(
-    e: any,
-    model: string,
-    options: CopilotImageOptions = {}
-  ) {
+  private handleError(e: any) {
     if (e instanceof UserFriendlyError) {
       return e;
-    } else if (e instanceof AISDKError) {
-      if (e.message.includes('safety') || e.message.includes('risk')) {
-        metrics.ai
-          .counter('chat_text_risk_errors')
-          .add(1, { model, user: options.user || undefined });
-      }
-
-      return new CopilotProviderSideError({
-        provider: this.type,
-        kind: e.name || 'unknown',
-        message: e.message,
-      });
-    } else {
-      return new CopilotProviderSideError({
-        provider: this.type,
-        kind: 'unexpected_response',
-        message: e?.message || 'Unexpected openai response',
-      });
     }
+    return new CopilotProviderSideError({
+      provider: this.type,
+      kind: 'unexpected_response',
+      message: e?.message || 'Unexpected openai response',
+    });
   }
 
   override async refreshOnlineModels() {
@@ -389,20 +378,50 @@ export class OpenAIProvider extends CopilotProvider<OpenAIConfig> {
 
   override getProviderSpecificTools(
     toolName: CopilotChatTools,
-    model: string
+    _model: string
   ): [string, Tool?] | undefined {
-    if (
-      toolName === 'webSearch' &&
-      'responses' in this.#instance &&
-      !this.isReasoningModel(model)
-    ) {
-      return ['web_search_preview', openai.tools.webSearch({})];
-    } else if (toolName === 'docEdit') {
+    if (toolName === 'docEdit') {
       return ['doc_edit', undefined];
     }
     return;
   }
 
+  private createNativeConfig(): NativeLlmBackendConfig {
+    const baseUrl = this.config.baseURL || 'https://api.openai.com/v1';
+    return {
+      base_url: baseUrl.replace(/\/v1\/?$/, ''),
+      auth_token: this.config.apiKey,
+    };
+  }
+
+  private createNativeAdapter(
+    tools: ToolSet,
+    nodeTextMiddleware?: NodeTextMiddleware[]
+  ) {
+    return new NativeProviderAdapter(
+      (request: NativeLlmRequest, signal?: AbortSignal) =>
+        llmDispatchStream(
+          this.config.oldApiStyle ? 'openai_chat' : 'openai_responses',
+          this.createNativeConfig(),
+          request,
+          signal
+        ),
+      tools,
+      this.MAX_STEPS,
+      { nodeTextMiddleware }
+    );
+  }
+
+  private getReasoning(
+    options: NonNullable<CopilotChatOptions>,
+    model: string
+  ): Record<string, unknown> | undefined {
+    if (options.reasoning && this.isReasoningModel(model)) {
+      return { effort: 'medium' };
+    }
+    return undefined;
+  }
+
   async text(
     cond: ModelConditions,
     messages: PromptMessage[],
@@ -413,33 +432,25 @@ export class OpenAIProvider extends CopilotProvider<OpenAIConfig> {
     const model = this.selectModel(fullCond);
 
     try {
-      metrics.ai.counter('chat_text_calls').add(1, { model: model.id });
-
-      const [system, msgs] = await chatToGPTMessage(messages);
-
-      const modelInstance =
-        'responses' in this.#instance
-          ? this.#instance.responses(model.id)
-          : this.#instance(model.id);
-
-      const { text } = await generateText({
-        model: modelInstance,
-        system,
-        messages: msgs,
-        temperature: options.temperature ?? 0,
-        maxOutputTokens: options.maxTokens ?? 4096,
-        providerOptions: {
-          openai: this.getOpenAIOptions(options, model.id),
-        },
-        tools: await this.getTools(options, model.id),
-        stopWhen: stepCountIs(this.MAX_STEPS),
-        abortSignal: options.signal,
+      metrics.ai.counter('chat_text_calls').add(1, this.metricLabels(model.id));
+      const tools = await this.getTools(options, model.id);
+      const middleware = this.getActiveProviderMiddleware();
+      const { request } = await buildNativeRequest({
+        model: model.id,
+        messages,
+        options,
+        tools,
+        include: options.webSearch ? ['citations'] : undefined,
+        reasoning: this.getReasoning(options, model.id),
+        middleware,
       });
-
-      return text.trim();
+      const adapter = this.createNativeAdapter(tools, middleware.node?.text);
+      return await adapter.text(request, options.signal);
     } catch (e: any) {
-      metrics.ai.counter('chat_text_errors').add(1, { model: model.id });
-      throw this.handleError(e, model.id, options);
+      metrics.ai
+        .counter('chat_text_errors')
+        .add(1, this.metricLabels(model.id));
+      throw this.handleError(e);
     }
   }
 
@@ -456,38 +467,29 @@ export class OpenAIProvider extends CopilotProvider<OpenAIConfig> {
     const model = this.selectModel(fullCond);
 
     try {
-      metrics.ai.counter('chat_text_stream_calls').add(1, { model: model.id });
-      const fullStream = await this.getFullStream(model, messages, options);
-      const citationParser = new CitationParser();
-      const textParser = new TextStreamParser();
-      for await (const chunk of fullStream) {
-        switch (chunk.type) {
-          case 'text-delta': {
-            let result = textParser.parse(chunk);
-            result = citationParser.parse(result);
-            yield result;
-            break;
-          }
-          case 'finish': {
-            const footnotes = textParser.end();
-            const result =
-              citationParser.end() + (footnotes.length ? '\n' + footnotes : '');
-            yield result;
-            break;
-          }
-          default: {
-            yield textParser.parse(chunk);
-            break;
-          }
-        }
-        if (options.signal?.aborted) {
-          await fullStream.cancel();
-          break;
-        }
+      metrics.ai
+        .counter('chat_text_stream_calls')
+        .add(1, this.metricLabels(model.id));
+      const tools = await this.getTools(options, model.id);
+      const middleware = this.getActiveProviderMiddleware();
+      const { request } = await buildNativeRequest({
+        model: model.id,
+        messages,
+        options,
+        tools,
+        include: options.webSearch ? ['citations'] : undefined,
+        reasoning: this.getReasoning(options, model.id),
+        middleware,
+      });
+      const adapter = this.createNativeAdapter(tools, middleware.node?.text);
+      for await (const chunk of adapter.streamText(request, options.signal)) {
+        yield chunk;
       }
     } catch (e: any) {
-      metrics.ai.counter('chat_text_stream_errors').add(1, { model: model.id });
-      throw this.handleError(e, model.id, options);
+      metrics.ai
+        .counter('chat_text_stream_errors')
+        .add(1, this.metricLabels(model.id));
+      throw this.handleError(e);
     }
   }
 
@@ -503,24 +505,27 @@ export class OpenAIProvider extends CopilotProvider<OpenAIConfig> {
     try {
       metrics.ai
         .counter('chat_object_stream_calls')
-        .add(1, { model: model.id });
-      const fullStream = await this.getFullStream(model, messages, options);
-      const parser = new StreamObjectParser();
-      for await (const chunk of fullStream) {
-        const result = parser.parse(chunk);
-        if (result) {
-          yield result;
-        }
-        if (options.signal?.aborted) {
-          await fullStream.cancel();
-          break;
-        }
+        .add(1, this.metricLabels(model.id));
+      const tools = await this.getTools(options, model.id);
+      const middleware = this.getActiveProviderMiddleware();
+      const { request } = await buildNativeRequest({
+        model: model.id,
+        messages,
+        options,
+        tools,
+        include: options.webSearch ? ['citations'] : undefined,
+        reasoning: this.getReasoning(options, model.id),
+        middleware,
+      });
+      const adapter = this.createNativeAdapter(tools, middleware.node?.text);
+      for await (const chunk of adapter.streamObject(request, options.signal)) {
+        yield chunk;
       }
     } catch (e: any) {
       metrics.ai
         .counter('chat_object_stream_errors')
-        .add(1, { model: model.id });
-      throw this.handleError(e, model.id, options);
+        .add(1, this.metricLabels(model.id));
+      throw this.handleError(e);
     }
   }
 
@@ -535,35 +540,27 @@ export class OpenAIProvider extends CopilotProvider<OpenAIConfig> {
 
     try {
       metrics.ai.counter('chat_text_calls').add(1, { model: model.id });
-
-      const [system, msgs, schema] = await chatToGPTMessage(messages);
+      const tools = await this.getTools(options, model.id);
+      const middleware = this.getActiveProviderMiddleware();
+      const { request, schema } = await buildNativeRequest({
+        model: model.id,
+        messages,
+        options,
+        tools,
+        reasoning: this.getReasoning(options, model.id),
+        middleware,
+      });
       if (!schema) {
         throw new CopilotPromptInvalid('Schema is required');
       }
-
-      const modelInstance =
-        'responses' in this.#instance
-          ? this.#instance.responses(model.id)
-          : this.#instance(model.id);
-
-      const { object } = await generateObject({
-        model: modelInstance,
-        system,
-        messages: msgs,
-        temperature: options.temperature ?? 0,
-        maxOutputTokens: options.maxTokens ?? 4096,
-        maxRetries: options.maxRetries ?? 3,
-        schema,
-        providerOptions: {
-          openai: options.user ? { user: options.user } : {},
-        },
-        abortSignal: options.signal,
-      });
-
-      return JSON.stringify(object);
+      const adapter = this.createNativeAdapter(tools, middleware.node?.text);
+      const text = await adapter.text(request, options.signal);
+      const parsed = JSON.parse(text);
+      const validated = schema.parse(parsed);
+      return JSON.stringify(validated);
     } catch (e: any) {
       metrics.ai.counter('chat_text_errors').add(1, { model: model.id });
-      throw this.handleError(e, model.id, options);
+      throw this.handleError(e);
     }
   }
 
@@ -575,36 +572,32 @@ export class OpenAIProvider extends CopilotProvider<OpenAIConfig> {
     const fullCond = { ...cond, outputType: ModelOutputType.Text };
     await this.checkParams({ messages: [], cond: fullCond, options });
     const model = this.selectModel(fullCond);
-    // get the log probability of "yes"/"no"
-    const instance =
-      'chat' in this.#instance
-        ? this.#instance.chat(model.id)
-        : this.#instance(model.id);
 
     const scores = await Promise.all(
       chunkMessages.map(async messages => {
         const [system, msgs] = await chatToGPTMessage(messages);
-
-        const result = await generateText({
-          model: instance,
-          system,
-          messages: msgs,
-          temperature: 0,
-          maxOutputTokens: 16,
-          providerOptions: {
-            openai: {
-              ...this.getOpenAIOptions(options, model.id),
-              logprobs: 16,
-            },
+        const response = await this.requestOpenAIJson(
+          '/chat/completions',
+          {
+            model: model.id,
+            messages: this.toOpenAIChatMessages(system, msgs),
+            temperature: 0,
+            max_tokens: 16,
+            logprobs: true,
+            top_logprobs: 16,
           },
-          abortSignal: options.signal,
-        });
+          options.signal
+        );
 
-        const topMap: Record<string, number> = LogProbsSchema.parse(
-          result.providerMetadata?.openai?.logprobs
-        )[0].top_logprobs.reduce<Record<string, number>>(
+        const logprobs = response?.choices?.[0]?.logprobs?.content;
+        if (!Array.isArray(logprobs) || logprobs.length === 0) {
+          return 0;
+        }
+
+        const parsedLogprobs = LogProbsSchema.parse(logprobs);
+        const topMap = parsedLogprobs[0].top_logprobs.reduce(
           (acc, { token, logprob }) => ({ ...acc, [token]: logprob }),
-          {}
+          {} as Record<string, number>
         );
 
         const findLogProb = (token: string): number => {
@@ -634,50 +627,212 @@ export class OpenAIProvider extends CopilotProvider<OpenAIConfig> {
     return scores;
   }
 
-  private async getFullStream(
-    model: CopilotProviderModel,
-    messages: PromptMessage[],
-    options: CopilotChatOptions = {}
-  ) {
-    const [system, msgs] = await chatToGPTMessage(messages);
-    const modelInstance =
-      'responses' in this.#instance
-        ? this.#instance.responses(model.id)
-        : this.#instance(model.id);
-    const { fullStream } = streamText({
-      model: modelInstance,
-      system,
-      messages: msgs,
-      frequencyPenalty: options.frequencyPenalty ?? 0,
-      presencePenalty: options.presencePenalty ?? 0,
-      temperature: options.temperature ?? 0,
-      maxOutputTokens: options.maxTokens ?? 4096,
-      providerOptions: {
-        openai: this.getOpenAIOptions(options, model.id),
-      },
-      tools: await this.getTools(options, model.id),
-      stopWhen: stepCountIs(this.MAX_STEPS),
-      abortSignal: options.signal,
-    });
-    return fullStream;
+  // ====== text to image ======
+  private buildImageFetchOptions(url: URL) {
+    const baseOptions = { timeoutMs: 15_000, maxRedirects: 3 } as const;
+    const trustedOrigins = new Set<string>();
+    const protocol = this.AFFiNEConfig.server.https ? 'https:' : 'http:';
+    const port = this.AFFiNEConfig.server.port;
+    const isDefaultPort =
+      (protocol === 'https:' && port === 443) ||
+      (protocol === 'http:' && port === 80);
+
+    const addHostOrigin = (host: string) => {
+      if (!host) return;
+      try {
+        const parsed = new URL(`${protocol}//${host}`);
+        if (!parsed.port && !isDefaultPort) {
+          parsed.port = String(port);
+        }
+        trustedOrigins.add(parsed.origin);
+      } catch {
+        // ignore invalid host config entries
+      }
+    };
+
+    if (this.AFFiNEConfig.server.externalUrl) {
+      try {
+        trustedOrigins.add(
+          new URL(this.AFFiNEConfig.server.externalUrl).origin
+        );
+      } catch {
+        // ignore invalid external URL
+      }
+    }
+
+    addHostOrigin(this.AFFiNEConfig.server.host);
+    for (const host of this.AFFiNEConfig.server.hosts) {
+      addHostOrigin(host);
+    }
+
+    const hostname = url.hostname.toLowerCase();
+    const trustedByHost = TRUSTED_ATTACHMENT_HOST_SUFFIXES.some(
+      suffix => hostname === suffix || hostname.endsWith(`.${suffix}`)
+    );
+    if (trustedOrigins.has(url.origin) || trustedByHost) {
+      return { ...baseOptions, allowPrivateOrigins: new Set([url.origin]) };
+    }
+
+    return baseOptions;
+  }
+
+  private redactUrl(raw: string | URL): string {
+    try {
+      const parsed = raw instanceof URL ? raw : new URL(raw);
+      if (parsed.protocol === 'data:') return 'data:[redacted]';
+      const segments = parsed.pathname.split('/').filter(Boolean);
+      const redactedPath =
+        segments.length <= 2
+          ? parsed.pathname || '/'
+          : `/${segments[0]}/${segments[1]}/...`;
+      return `${parsed.origin}${redactedPath}`;
+    } catch {
+      return '[invalid-url]';
+    }
+  }
+
+  private async fetchImage(
+    url: string,
+    maxBytes: number,
+    signal?: AbortSignal
+  ): Promise<{ buffer: Buffer; type: string } | null> {
+    if (url.startsWith('data:')) {
+      let response: Response;
+      try {
+        response = await fetch(url, { signal });
+      } catch (error) {
+        this.logger.warn(
+          `Skip image attachment data URL due to read failure: ${
+            error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)
+          }`
+        );
+        return null;
+      }
+
+      if (!response.ok) {
+        this.logger.warn(
+          `Skip image attachment data URL due to invalid response: ${response.status}`
+        );
+        return null;
+      }
+
+      const type =
+        response.headers.get('content-type') || 'application/octet-stream';
+      if (!type.startsWith('image/')) {
+        await response.body?.cancel().catch(() => undefined);
+        this.logger.warn(
+          `Skip non-image attachment data URL with content-type ${type}`
+        );
+        return null;
+      }
+
+      try {
+        const buffer = await readResponseBufferWithLimit(response, maxBytes);
+        return { buffer, type };
+      } catch (error) {
+        this.logger.warn(
+          `Skip image attachment data URL due to read failure/size limit: ${
+            error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)
+          }`
+        );
+        return null;
+      }
+    }
+
+    let parsed: URL;
+    try {
+      parsed = new URL(url);
+    } catch {
+      this.logger.warn(
+        `Skip image attachment with invalid URL: ${this.redactUrl(url)}`
+      );
+      return null;
+    }
+    const redactedUrl = this.redactUrl(parsed);
+
+    if (parsed.protocol !== 'http:' && parsed.protocol !== 'https:') {
+      this.logger.warn(
+        `Skip image attachment with unsupported protocol: ${redactedUrl}`
+      );
+      return null;
+    }
+
+    let response: Response;
+    try {
+      response = await safeFetch(
+        parsed,
+        { method: 'GET', signal },
+        this.buildImageFetchOptions(parsed)
+      );
+    } catch (error) {
+      this.logger.warn(
+        `Skip image attachment due to blocked/unreachable URL: ${redactedUrl}, reason: ${
+          error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)
+        }`
+      );
+      return null;
+    }
+
+    if (!response.ok) {
+      this.logger.warn(
+        `Skip image attachment fetch failure ${response.status}: ${redactedUrl}`
+      );
+      return null;
+    }
+
+    const type =
+      response.headers.get('content-type') || 'application/octet-stream';
+    if (!type.startsWith('image/')) {
+      await response.body?.cancel().catch(() => undefined);
+      this.logger.warn(
+        `Skip non-image attachment with content-type ${type}: ${redactedUrl}`
+      );
+      return null;
+    }
+
+    const contentLength = Number(response.headers.get('content-length'));
+    if (Number.isFinite(contentLength) && contentLength > maxBytes) {
+      await response.body?.cancel().catch(() => undefined);
+      this.logger.warn(
+        `Skip oversized image attachment by content-length (${contentLength}): ${redactedUrl}`
+      );
+      return null;
+    }
+
+    try {
+      const buffer = await readResponseBufferWithLimit(response, maxBytes);
+      return { buffer, type };
+    } catch (error) {
+      this.logger.warn(
+        `Skip image attachment due to read failure/size limit: ${redactedUrl}, reason: ${
+          error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)
+        }`
+      );
+      return null;
+    }
   }
 
-  // ====== text to image ======
   private async *generateImageWithAttachments(
     model: string,
     prompt: string,
-    attachments: NonNullable<PromptMessage['attachments']>
+    attachments: NonNullable<PromptMessage['attachments']>,
+    signal?: AbortSignal
   ): AsyncGenerator<string> {
     const form = new FormData();
+    const outputFormat = 'webp';
+    const maxBytes = 10 * OneMB;
     form.set('model', model);
     form.set('prompt', prompt);
-    form.set('output_format', 'webp');
+    form.set('output_format', outputFormat);
 
     for (const [idx, entry] of attachments.entries()) {
       const url = typeof entry === 'string' ? entry : entry.attachment;
       try {
-        const { buffer, type } = await fetchBuffer(url, 10 * OneMB, 'image/');
-        const file = new File([buffer], `${idx}.png`, { type });
+        const attachment = await this.fetchImage(url, maxBytes, signal);
+        if (!attachment) continue;
+        const { buffer, type } = attachment;
+        const extension = type.split(';')[0].split('/')[1] || 'png';
+        const file = new File([buffer], `${idx}.${extension}`, { type });
         form.append('image[]', file);
       } catch {
         continue;
@@ -703,18 +858,24 @@ export class OpenAIProvider extends CopilotProvider<OpenAIConfig> {
 
     const json = await res.json();
     const imageResponse = ImageResponseSchema.safeParse(json);
-    if (imageResponse.success) {
-      const data = imageResponse.data;
-      if ('error' in data) {
-        throw new Error(data.error.message);
-      } else {
-        for (const image of data.data) {
-          yield `data:image/webp;base64,${image.b64_json}`;
-        }
-      }
-    } else {
+    if (!imageResponse.success) {
       throw new Error(imageResponse.error.message);
     }
+    const data = imageResponse.data;
+    if ('error' in data) {
+      throw new Error(data.error.message);
+    }
+
+    const images = normalizeImageResponseData(
+      data.data,
+      normalizeImageFormatToMime(outputFormat)
+    );
+    if (!images.length) {
+      throw new Error('No images returned from OpenAI');
+    }
+    for (const image of images) {
+      yield image;
+    }
   }
 
   override async *streamImages(
@@ -726,13 +887,6 @@ export class OpenAIProvider extends CopilotProvider<OpenAIConfig> {
     await this.checkParams({ messages, cond: fullCond, options });
     const model = this.selectModel(fullCond);
 
-    if (!('image' in this.#instance)) {
-      throw new CopilotProviderNotSupported({
-        provider: this.type,
-        kind: 'image',
-      });
-    }
-
     metrics.ai
       .counter('generate_images_stream_calls')
       .add(1, { model: model.id });
@@ -742,22 +896,27 @@ export class OpenAIProvider extends CopilotProvider<OpenAIConfig> {
 
     try {
       if (attachments && attachments.length > 0) {
-        yield* this.generateImageWithAttachments(model.id, prompt, attachments);
-      } else {
-        const modelInstance = this.#instance.image(model.id);
-        const result = await generateImage({
-          model: modelInstance,
+        yield* this.generateImageWithAttachments(
+          model.id,
           prompt,
-          providerOptions: {
-            openai: {
-              quality: options.quality || null,
-            },
-          },
-        });
-
-        const imageUrls = result.images.map(
-          image => `data:image/png;base64,${image.base64}`
+          attachments,
+          options.signal
         );
+      } else {
+        const response = await this.requestOpenAIJson('/images/generations', {
+          model: model.id,
+          prompt,
+          ...(options.quality ? { quality: options.quality } : {}),
+        });
+        const imageResponse = ImageResponseSchema.parse(response);
+        if ('error' in imageResponse) {
+          throw new Error(imageResponse.error.message);
+        }
+
+        const imageUrls = normalizeImageResponseData(imageResponse.data);
+        if (!imageUrls.length) {
+          throw new Error('No images returned from OpenAI');
+        }
 
         for (const imageUrl of imageUrls) {
           yield imageUrl;
@@ -769,7 +928,7 @@ export class OpenAIProvider extends CopilotProvider<OpenAIConfig> {
       return;
     } catch (e: any) {
       metrics.ai.counter('generate_images_errors').add(1, { model: model.id });
-      throw this.handleError(e, model.id, options);
+      throw this.handleError(e);
     }
   }
 
@@ -783,51 +942,85 @@ export class OpenAIProvider extends CopilotProvider<OpenAIConfig> {
     await this.checkParams({ embeddings: messages, cond: fullCond, options });
     const model = this.selectModel(fullCond);
 
-    if (!('embedding' in this.#instance)) {
-      throw new CopilotProviderNotSupported({
-        provider: this.type,
-        kind: 'embedding',
-      });
-    }
-
     try {
       metrics.ai
         .counter('generate_embedding_calls')
         .add(1, { model: model.id });
-
-      const modelInstance = this.#instance.embedding(model.id);
-
-      const { embeddings } = await embedMany({
-        model: modelInstance,
-        values: messages,
-        providerOptions: {
-          openai: {
-            dimensions: options.dimensions || DEFAULT_DIMENSIONS,
-          },
-        },
+      const response = await this.requestOpenAIJson('/embeddings', {
+        model: model.id,
+        input: messages,
+        dimensions: options.dimensions || DEFAULT_DIMENSIONS,
       });
-
-      return embeddings.filter(v => v && Array.isArray(v));
+      const data = Array.isArray(response?.data) ? response.data : [];
+      return data
+        .map((item: any) => item?.embedding)
+        .filter((embedding: unknown) => Array.isArray(embedding)) as number[][];
     } catch (e: any) {
       metrics.ai
         .counter('generate_embedding_errors')
         .add(1, { model: model.id });
-      throw this.handleError(e, model.id, options);
+      throw this.handleError(e);
     }
   }
 
-  private getOpenAIOptions(options: CopilotChatOptions, model: string) {
-    const result: OpenAIResponsesProviderOptions = {};
-    if (options?.reasoning && this.isReasoningModel(model)) {
-      result.reasoningEffort = 'medium';
-      result.reasoningSummary = 'detailed';
+  private toOpenAIChatMessages(
+    system: string | undefined,
+    messages: Awaited<ReturnType<typeof chatToGPTMessage>>[1]
+  ) {
+    const result: Array<{ role: string; content: string }> = [];
+    if (system) {
+      result.push({ role: 'system', content: system });
     }
-    if (options?.user) {
-      result.user = options.user;
+
+    for (const message of messages) {
+      if (typeof message.content === 'string') {
+        result.push({ role: message.role, content: message.content });
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      const text = message.content
+        .filter(
+          part =>
+            part &&
+            typeof part === 'object' &&
+            'type' in part &&
+            part.type === 'text' &&
+            'text' in part
+        )
+        .map(part => String((part as { text: string }).text))
+        .join('\n');
+
+      result.push({ role: message.role, content: text || '[no content]' });
     }
+
     return result;
   }
 
+  private async requestOpenAIJson(
+    path: string,
+    body: Record<string, unknown>,
+    signal?: AbortSignal
+  ): Promise<any> {
+    const baseUrl = this.config.baseURL || 'https://api.openai.com/v1';
+    const response = await fetch(`${baseUrl}${path}`, {
+      method: 'POST',
+      headers: {
+        Authorization: `Bearer ${this.config.apiKey}`,
+        'Content-Type': 'application/json',
+      },
+      body: JSON.stringify(body),
+      signal,
+    });
+
+    if (!response.ok) {
+      throw new Error(
+        `OpenAI API error ${response.status}: ${await response.text()}`
+      );
+    }
+
+    return await response.json();
+  }
+
   private isReasoningModel(model: string) {
     // o series reasoning models
     return model.startsWith('o') || model.startsWith('gpt-5');
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/providers/perplexity.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/providers/perplexity.ts
index b49f7ece1..f1dd4d666 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/providers/perplexity.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/providers/perplexity.ts
@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
-import {
-  createPerplexity,
-  type PerplexityProvider as VercelPerplexityProvider,
-} from '@ai-sdk/perplexity';
-import { generateText, streamText } from 'ai';
-import { z } from 'zod';
+import type { ToolSet } from 'ai';
 
 import { CopilotProviderSideError, metrics } from '../../../base';
+import {
+  llmDispatchStream,
+  type NativeLlmBackendConfig,
+  type NativeLlmRequest,
+} from '../../../native';
+import type { NodeTextMiddleware } from '../config';
+import { buildNativeRequest, NativeProviderAdapter } from './native';
 import { CopilotProvider } from './provider';
 import {
   CopilotChatOptions,
@@ -15,34 +17,12 @@ import {
   ModelOutputType,
   PromptMessage,
 } from './types';
-import { chatToGPTMessage, CitationParser } from './utils';
 
 export type PerplexityConfig = {
   apiKey: string;
   endpoint?: string;
 };
 
-const PerplexityErrorSchema = z.union([
-  z.object({
-    detail: z.array(
-      z.object({
-        loc: z.array(z.string()),
-        msg: z.string(),
-        type: z.string(),
-      })
-    ),
-  }),
-  z.object({
-    error: z.object({
-      message: z.string(),
-      type: z.string(),
-      code: z.number(),
-    }),
-  }),
-]);
-
-type PerplexityError = z.infer<typeof PerplexityErrorSchema>;
-
 export class PerplexityProvider extends CopilotProvider<PerplexityConfig> {
   readonly type = CopilotProviderType.Perplexity;
 
@@ -90,18 +70,38 @@ export class PerplexityProvider extends CopilotProvider<PerplexityConfig> {
     },
   ];
 
-  #instance!: VercelPerplexityProvider;
-
   override configured(): boolean {
     return !!this.config.apiKey;
   }
 
   protected override setup() {
     super.setup();
-    this.#instance = createPerplexity({
-      apiKey: this.config.apiKey,
-      baseURL: this.config.endpoint,
-    });
+  }
+
+  private createNativeConfig(): NativeLlmBackendConfig {
+    const baseUrl = this.config.endpoint || 'https://api.perplexity.ai';
+    return {
+      base_url: baseUrl.replace(/\/v1\/?$/, ''),
+      auth_token: this.config.apiKey,
+    };
+  }
+
+  private createNativeAdapter(
+    tools: ToolSet,
+    nodeTextMiddleware?: NodeTextMiddleware[]
+  ) {
+    return new NativeProviderAdapter(
+      (request: NativeLlmRequest, signal?: AbortSignal) =>
+        llmDispatchStream(
+          'openai_chat',
+          this.createNativeConfig(),
+          request,
+          signal
+        ),
+      tools,
+      this.MAX_STEPS,
+      { nodeTextMiddleware }
+    );
   }
 
   async text(
@@ -114,32 +114,25 @@ export class PerplexityProvider extends CopilotProvider<PerplexityConfig> {
     const model = this.selectModel(fullCond);
 
     try {
-      metrics.ai.counter('chat_text_calls').add(1, { model: model.id });
+      metrics.ai.counter('chat_text_calls').add(1, this.metricLabels(model.id));
 
-      const [system, msgs] = await chatToGPTMessage(messages, false);
-
-      const modelInstance = this.#instance(model.id);
-
-      const { text, sources } = await generateText({
-        model: modelInstance,
-        system,
-        messages: msgs,
-        temperature: options.temperature ?? 0,
-        maxOutputTokens: options.maxTokens ?? 4096,
-        abortSignal: options.signal,
+      const tools = await this.getTools(options, model.id);
+      const middleware = this.getActiveProviderMiddleware();
+      const { request } = await buildNativeRequest({
+        model: model.id,
+        messages,
+        options,
+        tools,
+        withAttachment: false,
+        include: ['citations'],
+        middleware,
       });
-
-      const parser = new CitationParser();
-      for (const source of sources.filter(s => s.sourceType === 'url')) {
-        parser.push(source.url);
-      }
-
-      let result = text.replaceAll(/<\/?think>\n/g, '\n---\n');
-      result = parser.parse(result);
-      result += parser.end();
-      return result;
+      const adapter = this.createNativeAdapter(tools, middleware.node?.text);
+      return await adapter.text(request, options.signal);
     } catch (e: any) {
-      metrics.ai.counter('chat_text_errors').add(1, { model: model.id });
+      metrics.ai
+        .counter('chat_text_errors')
+        .add(1, this.metricLabels(model.id));
       throw this.handleError(e);
     }
   }
@@ -154,79 +147,33 @@ export class PerplexityProvider extends CopilotProvider<PerplexityConfig> {
     const model = this.selectModel(fullCond);
 
     try {
-      metrics.ai.counter('chat_text_stream_calls').add(1, { model: model.id });
+      metrics.ai
+        .counter('chat_text_stream_calls')
+        .add(1, this.metricLabels(model.id));
 
-      const [system, msgs] = await chatToGPTMessage(messages, false);
-
-      const modelInstance = this.#instance(model.id);
-
-      const stream = streamText({
-        model: modelInstance,
-        system,
-        messages: msgs,
-        temperature: options.temperature ?? 0,
-        maxOutputTokens: options.maxTokens ?? 4096,
-        abortSignal: options.signal,
+      const tools = await this.getTools(options, model.id);
+      const middleware = this.getActiveProviderMiddleware();
+      const { request } = await buildNativeRequest({
+        model: model.id,
+        messages,
+        options,
+        tools,
+        withAttachment: false,
+        include: ['citations'],
+        middleware,
       });
-
-      const parser = new CitationParser();
-      for await (const chunk of stream.fullStream) {
-        switch (chunk.type) {
-          case 'source': {
-            if (chunk.sourceType === 'url') {
-              parser.push(chunk.url);
-            }
-            break;
-          }
-          case 'text-delta': {
-            const text = chunk.text.replaceAll(/<\/?think>\n?/g, '\n---\n');
-            const result = parser.parse(text);
-            yield result;
-            break;
-          }
-          case 'finish-step': {
-            const result = parser.end();
-            yield result;
-            break;
-          }
-          case 'error': {
-            const json =
-              typeof chunk.error === 'string'
-                ? JSON.parse(chunk.error)
-                : chunk.error;
-            if (json && typeof json === 'object') {
-              const data = PerplexityErrorSchema.parse(json);
-              if ('detail' in data || 'error' in data) {
-                throw this.convertError(data);
-              }
-            }
-          }
-        }
+      const adapter = this.createNativeAdapter(tools, middleware.node?.text);
+      for await (const chunk of adapter.streamText(request, options.signal)) {
+        yield chunk;
       }
-    } catch (e) {
-      metrics.ai.counter('chat_text_stream_errors').add(1, { model: model.id });
-      throw e;
+    } catch (e: any) {
+      metrics.ai
+        .counter('chat_text_stream_errors')
+        .add(1, this.metricLabels(model.id));
+      throw this.handleError(e);
     }
   }
 
-  private convertError(e: PerplexityError) {
-    function getErrMessage(e: PerplexityError) {
-      let err = 'Unexpected perplexity response';
-      if ('detail' in e) {
-        err = e.detail[0].msg || err;
-      } else if ('error' in e) {
-        err = e.error.message || err;
-      }
-      return err;
-    }
-
-    throw new CopilotProviderSideError({
-      provider: this.type,
-      kind: 'unexpected_response',
-      message: getErrMessage(e),
-    });
-  }
-
   private handleError(e: any) {
     if (e instanceof CopilotProviderSideError) {
       return e;
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/providers/provider-middleware.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/providers/provider-middleware.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..98dc64cef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/providers/provider-middleware.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+import type { ProviderMiddlewareConfig } from '../config';
+import { CopilotProviderType } from './types';
+
+const DEFAULT_MIDDLEWARE_BY_TYPE: Record<
+  CopilotProviderType,
+  ProviderMiddlewareConfig
+> = {
+  [CopilotProviderType.OpenAI]: {
+    rust: {
+      request: ['normalize_messages'],
+      stream: ['stream_event_normalize', 'citation_indexing'],
+    },
+    node: {
+      text: ['citation_footnote', 'callout'],
+    },
+  },
+  [CopilotProviderType.Anthropic]: {
+    rust: {
+      request: ['normalize_messages', 'tool_schema_rewrite'],
+      stream: ['stream_event_normalize', 'citation_indexing'],
+    },
+    node: {
+      text: ['citation_footnote', 'callout'],
+    },
+  },
+  [CopilotProviderType.AnthropicVertex]: {
+    rust: {
+      request: ['normalize_messages', 'tool_schema_rewrite'],
+      stream: ['stream_event_normalize', 'citation_indexing'],
+    },
+    node: {
+      text: ['citation_footnote', 'callout'],
+    },
+  },
+  [CopilotProviderType.Morph]: {
+    rust: {
+      request: ['clamp_max_tokens'],
+      stream: ['stream_event_normalize', 'citation_indexing'],
+    },
+    node: {
+      text: ['citation_footnote', 'callout'],
+    },
+  },
+  [CopilotProviderType.Perplexity]: {
+    rust: {
+      request: ['clamp_max_tokens'],
+      stream: ['stream_event_normalize', 'citation_indexing'],
+    },
+    node: {
+      text: ['citation_footnote', 'callout'],
+    },
+  },
+  [CopilotProviderType.Gemini]: {
+    node: {
+      text: ['callout'],
+    },
+  },
+  [CopilotProviderType.GeminiVertex]: {
+    node: {
+      text: ['callout'],
+    },
+  },
+  [CopilotProviderType.FAL]: {},
+};
+
+function unique<T>(items: T[]) {
+  return [...new Set(items)];
+}
+
+function mergeArray<T>(base: T[] | undefined, override: T[] | undefined) {
+  if (!base?.length && !override?.length) {
+    return undefined;
+  }
+  return unique([...(base ?? []), ...(override ?? [])]);
+}
+
+export function mergeProviderMiddleware(
+  defaults: ProviderMiddlewareConfig,
+  override?: ProviderMiddlewareConfig
+): ProviderMiddlewareConfig {
+  return {
+    rust: {
+      request: mergeArray(defaults.rust?.request, override?.rust?.request),
+      stream: mergeArray(defaults.rust?.stream, override?.rust?.stream),
+    },
+    node: {
+      text: mergeArray(defaults.node?.text, override?.node?.text),
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+export function resolveProviderMiddleware(
+  type: CopilotProviderType,
+  override?: ProviderMiddlewareConfig
+): ProviderMiddlewareConfig {
+  const defaults = DEFAULT_MIDDLEWARE_BY_TYPE[type] ?? {};
+  return mergeProviderMiddleware(defaults, override);
+}
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/providers/provider-registry.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/providers/provider-registry.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a877bd4cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/providers/provider-registry.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,273 @@
+import type {
+  CopilotProviderConfigMap,
+  CopilotProviderDefaults,
+  CopilotProviderProfile,
+  ProviderMiddlewareConfig,
+} from '../config';
+import { resolveProviderMiddleware } from './provider-middleware';
+import { CopilotProviderType, type ModelOutputType } from './types';
+
+const PROVIDER_ID_PATTERN = /^[a-zA-Z0-9-_]+$/;
+
+const LEGACY_PROVIDER_ORDER: CopilotProviderType[] = [
+  CopilotProviderType.OpenAI,
+  CopilotProviderType.FAL,
+  CopilotProviderType.Gemini,
+  CopilotProviderType.GeminiVertex,
+  CopilotProviderType.Perplexity,
+  CopilotProviderType.Anthropic,
+  CopilotProviderType.AnthropicVertex,
+  CopilotProviderType.Morph,
+];
+
+const LEGACY_PROVIDER_PRIORITY = LEGACY_PROVIDER_ORDER.reduce(
+  (acc, type, index) => {
+    acc[type] = LEGACY_PROVIDER_ORDER.length - index;
+    return acc;
+  },
+  {} as Record<CopilotProviderType, number>
+);
+
+type LegacyProvidersConfig = Partial<
+  Record<CopilotProviderType, CopilotProviderConfigMap[CopilotProviderType]>
+>;
+
+export type CopilotProvidersConfigInput = LegacyProvidersConfig & {
+  profiles?: CopilotProviderProfile[] | null;
+  defaults?: CopilotProviderDefaults | null;
+};
+
+export type NormalizedCopilotProviderProfile = Omit<
+  CopilotProviderProfile,
+  'enabled' | 'priority' | 'middleware'
+> & {
+  enabled: boolean;
+  priority: number;
+  middleware: ProviderMiddlewareConfig;
+};
+
+export type CopilotProviderRegistry = {
+  profiles: Map<string, NormalizedCopilotProviderProfile>;
+  defaults: CopilotProviderDefaults;
+  order: string[];
+  byType: Map<CopilotProviderType, string[]>;
+};
+
+export type ResolveModelResult = {
+  rawModelId?: string;
+  modelId?: string;
+  explicitProviderId?: string;
+  candidateProviderIds: string[];
+};
+
+type ResolveModelOptions = {
+  registry: CopilotProviderRegistry;
+  modelId?: string;
+  outputType?: ModelOutputType;
+  availableProviderIds?: Iterable<string>;
+  preferredProviderIds?: Iterable<string>;
+};
+
+function unique<T>(list: T[]): T[] {
+  return [...new Set(list)];
+}
+
+function asArray<T>(iter?: Iterable<T>): T[] {
+  return iter ? Array.from(iter) : [];
+}
+
+function parseModelPrefix(
+  registry: CopilotProviderRegistry,
+  modelId: string
+): { providerId: string; modelId?: string } | null {
+  const index = modelId.indexOf('/');
+  if (index <= 0) {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  const providerId = modelId.slice(0, index);
+  if (!registry.profiles.has(providerId)) {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  const model = modelId.slice(index + 1);
+  return { providerId, modelId: model || undefined };
+}
+
+function normalizeProfile(
+  profile: CopilotProviderProfile
+): NormalizedCopilotProviderProfile {
+  return {
+    ...profile,
+    enabled: profile.enabled !== false,
+    priority: profile.priority ?? 0,
+    middleware: resolveProviderMiddleware(profile.type, profile.middleware),
+  };
+}
+
+function toLegacyProfiles(
+  config: CopilotProvidersConfigInput
+): CopilotProviderProfile[] {
+  const legacyProfiles: CopilotProviderProfile[] = [];
+  for (const type of LEGACY_PROVIDER_ORDER) {
+    const legacyConfig = config[type];
+    if (!legacyConfig) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    legacyProfiles.push({
+      id: `${type}-default`,
+      type,
+      priority: LEGACY_PROVIDER_PRIORITY[type],
+      config: legacyConfig,
+    } as CopilotProviderProfile);
+  }
+  return legacyProfiles;
+}
+
+function mergeProfiles(
+  explicitProfiles: CopilotProviderProfile[],
+  legacyProfiles: CopilotProviderProfile[]
+): CopilotProviderProfile[] {
+  const profiles = new Map<string, CopilotProviderProfile>();
+
+  for (const profile of explicitProfiles) {
+    if (!PROVIDER_ID_PATTERN.test(profile.id)) {
+      throw new Error(`Invalid copilot provider profile id: ${profile.id}`);
+    }
+    if (profiles.has(profile.id)) {
+      throw new Error(`Duplicated copilot provider profile id: ${profile.id}`);
+    }
+    profiles.set(profile.id, profile);
+  }
+
+  for (const profile of legacyProfiles) {
+    if (!profiles.has(profile.id)) {
+      profiles.set(profile.id, profile);
+    }
+  }
+
+  return Array.from(profiles.values());
+}
+
+function sortProfiles(profiles: NormalizedCopilotProviderProfile[]) {
+  return profiles.toSorted((a, b) => {
+    if (a.priority !== b.priority) {
+      return b.priority - a.priority;
+    }
+    return a.id.localeCompare(b.id);
+  });
+}
+
+function assertDefaults(
+  defaults: CopilotProviderDefaults,
+  profiles: Map<string, NormalizedCopilotProviderProfile>
+) {
+  for (const providerId of Object.values(defaults)) {
+    if (!providerId) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (!profiles.has(providerId)) {
+      throw new Error(
+        `Copilot provider defaults references unknown providerId: ${providerId}`
+      );
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+export function buildProviderRegistry(
+  config: CopilotProvidersConfigInput
+): CopilotProviderRegistry {
+  const explicitProfiles = config.profiles ?? [];
+  const legacyProfiles = toLegacyProfiles(config);
+  const mergedProfiles = mergeProfiles(explicitProfiles, legacyProfiles)
+    .map(normalizeProfile)
+    .filter(profile => profile.enabled);
+  const sortedProfiles = sortProfiles(mergedProfiles);
+
+  const profiles = new Map(
+    sortedProfiles.map(profile => [profile.id, profile] as const)
+  );
+  const defaults = config.defaults ?? {};
+  assertDefaults(defaults, profiles);
+
+  const order = sortedProfiles.map(profile => profile.id);
+  const byType = new Map<CopilotProviderType, string[]>();
+  for (const profile of sortedProfiles) {
+    const ids = byType.get(profile.type) ?? [];
+    ids.push(profile.id);
+    byType.set(profile.type, ids);
+  }
+
+  return { profiles, defaults, order, byType };
+}
+
+export function resolveModel({
+  registry,
+  modelId,
+  outputType,
+  availableProviderIds,
+  preferredProviderIds,
+}: ResolveModelOptions): ResolveModelResult {
+  const available = new Set(asArray(availableProviderIds));
+  const preferred = new Set(asArray(preferredProviderIds));
+  const hasAvailableFilter = available.size > 0;
+  const hasPreferredFilter = preferred.size > 0;
+
+  const isAllowed = (providerId: string) => {
+    const profile = registry.profiles.get(providerId);
+    if (!profile?.enabled) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    if (hasAvailableFilter && !available.has(providerId)) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    if (hasPreferredFilter && !preferred.has(providerId)) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+  };
+
+  const prefixed = modelId ? parseModelPrefix(registry, modelId) : null;
+  if (prefixed) {
+    return {
+      rawModelId: modelId,
+      modelId: prefixed.modelId,
+      explicitProviderId: prefixed.providerId,
+      candidateProviderIds: isAllowed(prefixed.providerId)
+        ? [prefixed.providerId]
+        : [],
+    };
+  }
+
+  const fallbackOrder = [
+    ...(outputType ? [registry.defaults[outputType]] : []),
+    registry.defaults.fallback,
+    ...registry.order,
+  ].filter((id): id is string => !!id);
+
+  return {
+    rawModelId: modelId,
+    modelId,
+    candidateProviderIds: unique(
+      fallbackOrder.filter(providerId => isAllowed(providerId))
+    ),
+  };
+}
+
+export function stripProviderPrefix(
+  registry: CopilotProviderRegistry,
+  providerId: string,
+  modelId?: string
+) {
+  if (!modelId) {
+    return modelId;
+  }
+  const prefixed = parseModelPrefix(registry, modelId);
+  if (!prefixed) {
+    return modelId;
+  }
+  if (prefixed.providerId !== providerId) {
+    return modelId;
+  }
+  return prefixed.modelId;
+}
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/providers/provider.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/providers/provider.ts
index b02185495..8d594817c 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/providers/provider.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/providers/provider.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import { AsyncLocalStorage } from 'node:async_hooks';
+
 import { Inject, Injectable, Logger } from '@nestjs/common';
 import { ModuleRef } from '@nestjs/core';
 import { Tool, ToolSet } from 'ai';
@@ -13,6 +15,7 @@ import { DocReader, DocWriter } from '../../../core/doc';
 import { AccessController } from '../../../core/permission';
 import { Models } from '../../../models';
 import { IndexerService } from '../../indexer';
+import type { ProviderMiddlewareConfig } from '../config';
 import { CopilotContextService } from '../context/service';
 import { PromptService } from '../prompt/service';
 import {
@@ -40,6 +43,8 @@ import {
   createSectionEditTool,
 } from '../tools';
 import { CopilotProviderFactory } from './factory';
+import { resolveProviderMiddleware } from './provider-middleware';
+import { buildProviderRegistry } from './provider-registry';
 import {
   type CopilotChatOptions,
   CopilotChatTools,
@@ -58,11 +63,14 @@ import {
   StreamObject,
 } from './types';
 
+const providerProfileContext = new AsyncLocalStorage<string>();
+
 @Injectable()
 export abstract class CopilotProvider<C = any> {
   protected readonly logger = new Logger(this.constructor.name);
   protected readonly MAX_STEPS = 20;
   protected onlineModelList: string[] = [];
+
   abstract readonly type: CopilotProviderType;
   abstract readonly models: CopilotProviderModel[];
   abstract configured(): boolean;
@@ -70,8 +78,39 @@ export abstract class CopilotProvider<C = any> {
   @Inject() protected readonly AFFiNEConfig!: Config;
   @Inject() protected readonly factory!: CopilotProviderFactory;
   @Inject() protected readonly moduleRef!: ModuleRef;
+  readonly #registeredProviderIds = new Set<string>();
+
+  runWithProfile<T>(providerId: string, callback: () => T): T {
+    return providerProfileContext.run(providerId, callback);
+  }
+
+  protected getActiveProviderId() {
+    return providerProfileContext.getStore() ?? `${this.type}-default`;
+  }
+
+  protected getActiveProviderMiddleware(): ProviderMiddlewareConfig {
+    const providerId = this.getActiveProviderId();
+    const registry = buildProviderRegistry(this.AFFiNEConfig.copilot.providers);
+    const profile = registry.profiles.get(providerId);
+    return profile?.middleware ?? resolveProviderMiddleware(this.type);
+  }
+
+  protected metricLabels(
+    model: string,
+    labels: Record<string, string | number | boolean | undefined> = {}
+  ) {
+    const providerId = this.getActiveProviderId();
+    return { model, providerId, ...labels };
+  }
 
   get config(): C {
+    const profileId = providerProfileContext.getStore();
+    if (profileId) {
+      const profile = this.AFFiNEConfig.copilot.providers.profiles?.find(
+        profile => profile.id === profileId && profile.type === this.type
+      );
+      if (profile) return profile.config as C;
+    }
     return this.AFFiNEConfig.copilot.providers[this.type] as C;
   }
 
@@ -88,15 +127,37 @@ export abstract class CopilotProvider<C = any> {
   }
 
   protected setup() {
-    if (this.configured()) {
-      this.factory.register(this);
-      if (env.selfhosted) {
+    const registry = buildProviderRegistry(this.AFFiNEConfig.copilot.providers);
+    const providerIds = registry.byType.get(this.type) ?? [];
+    const nextProviderIds = new Set<string>();
+
+    for (const id of providerIds) {
+      const configured = this.runWithProfile(id, () => this.configured());
+      if (configured) {
+        nextProviderIds.add(id);
+        this.factory.register(id, this);
+      } else {
+        this.factory.unregister(id, this);
+      }
+    }
+
+    for (const providerId of this.#registeredProviderIds) {
+      if (!nextProviderIds.has(providerId)) {
+        this.factory.unregister(providerId, this);
+      }
+    }
+    this.#registeredProviderIds.clear();
+    for (const providerId of nextProviderIds) {
+      this.#registeredProviderIds.add(providerId);
+    }
+
+    if (env.selfhosted && nextProviderIds.size > 0) {
+      const [providerId] = Array.from(nextProviderIds);
+      this.runWithProfile(providerId, () => {
         this.refreshOnlineModels().catch(e =>
           this.logger.error('Failed to refresh online models', e)
         );
-      }
-    } else {
-      this.factory.unregister(this);
+      });
     }
   }
 
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/providers/utils.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/providers/utils.ts
index a8b3dabe8..bb95a98b6 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/providers/utils.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/providers/utils.ts
@@ -91,7 +91,9 @@ export async function chatToGPTMessage(
   //       so we need to use base64 encoded attachments instead
   useBase64Attachment: boolean = false
 ): Promise<[string | undefined, ChatMessage[], ZodType?]> {
-  const system = messages[0]?.role === 'system' ? messages.shift() : undefined;
+  const hasSystem = messages[0]?.role === 'system';
+  const system = hasSystem ? messages[0] : undefined;
+  const normalizedMessages = hasSystem ? messages.slice(1) : messages;
   const schema =
     system?.params?.schema && system.params.schema instanceof ZodType
       ? system.params.schema
@@ -99,7 +101,7 @@ export async function chatToGPTMessage(
 
   // filter redundant fields
   const msgs: ChatMessage[] = [];
-  for (let { role, content, attachments, params } of messages.filter(
+  for (let { role, content, attachments, params } of normalizedMessages.filter(
     m => m.role !== 'system'
   )) {
     content = content.trim();
@@ -406,6 +408,34 @@ export class CitationParser {
   }
 }
 
+export type CitationIndexedEvent = {
+  type: 'citation';
+  index: number;
+  url: string;
+};
+
+export class CitationFootnoteFormatter {
+  private readonly citations = new Map<number, string>();
+
+  public consume(event: CitationIndexedEvent) {
+    if (event.type !== 'citation') {
+      return '';
+    }
+    this.citations.set(event.index, event.url);
+    return '';
+  }
+
+  public end() {
+    const footnotes = Array.from(this.citations.entries())
+      .sort((a, b) => a[0] - b[0])
+      .map(
+        ([index, citation]) =>
+          `[^${index}]: {"type":"url","url":"${encodeURIComponent(citation)}"}`
+      );
+    return footnotes.join('\n');
+  }
+}
+
 type ChunkType = TextStreamPart<CustomAITools>['type'];
 
 export function toError(error: unknown): Error {
@@ -703,21 +733,39 @@ export const VertexModelListSchema = z.object({
   ),
 });
 
+function normalizeUrl(baseURL?: string) {
+  if (!baseURL?.trim()) {
+    return undefined;
+  }
+  try {
+    const url = new URL(baseURL);
+    const serialized = url.toString();
+    if (serialized.endsWith('/')) return serialized.slice(0, -1);
+    return serialized;
+  } catch {
+    return undefined;
+  }
+}
+
+export function getVertexAnthropicBaseUrl(
+  options: GoogleVertexAnthropicProviderSettings
+) {
+  const normalizedBaseUrl = normalizeUrl(options.baseURL);
+  if (normalizedBaseUrl) return normalizedBaseUrl;
+  const { location, project } = options;
+  if (!location || !project) return undefined;
+  return `https://${location}-aiplatform.googleapis.com/v1/projects/${project}/locations/${location}/publishers/anthropic`;
+}
+
 export async function getGoogleAuth(
   options: GoogleVertexAnthropicProviderSettings | GoogleVertexProviderSettings,
   publisher: 'anthropic' | 'google'
 ) {
   function getBaseUrl() {
-    const { baseURL, location } = options;
-    if (baseURL?.trim()) {
-      try {
-        const url = new URL(baseURL);
-        if (url.pathname.endsWith('/')) {
-          url.pathname = url.pathname.slice(0, -1);
-        }
-        return url.toString();
-      } catch {}
-    } else if (location) {
+    const normalizedBaseUrl = normalizeUrl(options.baseURL);
+    if (normalizedBaseUrl) return normalizedBaseUrl;
+    const { location } = options;
+    if (location) {
       return `https://${location}-aiplatform.googleapis.com/v1beta1/publishers/${publisher}`;
     }
     return undefined;
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/resolver.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/resolver.ts
index 2dc036610..73d1807e8 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/resolver.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/resolver.ts
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import { BadRequestException, NotFoundException } from '@nestjs/common';
 import {
   Args,
   Field,
-  Float,
   ID,
   InputType,
   Mutation,
@@ -15,7 +14,6 @@ import {
   ResolveField,
   Resolver,
 } from '@nestjs/graphql';
-import { AiPromptRole } from '@prisma/client';
 import { GraphQLJSON, SafeIntResolver } from 'graphql-scalars';
 import GraphQLUpload from 'graphql-upload/GraphQLUpload.mjs';
 
@@ -313,57 +311,6 @@ class CopilotQuotaType {
   used!: number;
 }
 
-registerEnumType(AiPromptRole, {
-  name: 'CopilotPromptMessageRole',
-});
-
-@InputType('CopilotPromptConfigInput')
-@ObjectType()
-class CopilotPromptConfigType {
-  @Field(() => Float, { nullable: true })
-  frequencyPenalty!: number | null;
-
-  @Field(() => Float, { nullable: true })
-  presencePenalty!: number | null;
-
-  @Field(() => Float, { nullable: true })
-  temperature!: number | null;
-
-  @Field(() => Float, { nullable: true })
-  topP!: number | null;
-}
-
-@InputType('CopilotPromptMessageInput')
-@ObjectType()
-class CopilotPromptMessageType {
-  @Field(() => AiPromptRole)
-  role!: AiPromptRole;
-
-  @Field(() => String)
-  content!: string;
-
-  @Field(() => GraphQLJSON, { nullable: true })
-  params!: Record<string, string> | null;
-}
-
-@ObjectType()
-class CopilotPromptType {
-  @Field(() => String)
-  name!: string;
-
-  @Field(() => String)
-  model!: string;
-
-  @Field(() => String, { nullable: true })
-  action!: string | null;
-
-  @Field(() => CopilotPromptConfigType, { nullable: true })
-  config!: CopilotPromptConfigType | null;
-
-  @Field(() => [CopilotPromptMessageType])
-  messages!: CopilotPromptMessageType[];
-}
-
 @ObjectType()
 class CopilotModelType {
   @Field(() => String)
@@ -638,13 +585,8 @@ export class CopilotResolver {
     );
   }
 
-  @Mutation(() => String, {
-    description: 'Create a chat session',
-  })
-  @CallMetric('ai', 'chat_session_create')
-  async createCopilotSession(
-    @CurrentUser() user: CurrentUser,
-    @Args({ name: 'options', type: () => CreateChatSessionInput })
+  private async createCopilotSessionInternal(
+    user: CurrentUser,
     options: CreateChatSessionInput
   ): Promise<string> {
     // permission check based on session type
@@ -666,6 +608,42 @@ export class CopilotResolver {
     });
   }
 
+  @Mutation(() => String, {
+    description: 'Create a chat session',
+    deprecationReason: 'use `createCopilotSessionWithHistory` instead',
+  })
+  @CallMetric('ai', 'chat_session_create')
+  async createCopilotSession(
+    @CurrentUser() user: CurrentUser,
+    @Args({ name: 'options', type: () => CreateChatSessionInput })
+    options: CreateChatSessionInput
+  ): Promise<string> {
+    return await this.createCopilotSessionInternal(user, options);
+  }
+
+  @Mutation(() => CopilotHistoriesType, {
+    description: 'Create a chat session and return full session payload',
+  })
+  @CallMetric('ai', 'chat_session_create_with_history')
+  async createCopilotSessionWithHistory(
+    @CurrentUser() user: CurrentUser,
+    @Args({ name: 'options', type: () => CreateChatSessionInput })
+    options: CreateChatSessionInput
+  ): Promise<CopilotHistoriesType> {
+    const sessionId = await this.createCopilotSessionInternal(user, options);
+    const session = await this.chatSession.getSessionInfo(sessionId);
+    if (!session) {
+      throw new NotFoundException('Session not found');
+    }
+    return {
+      ...session,
+      messages: session.messages.map(message => ({
+        ...message,
+        id: message.id,
+      })) as ChatMessageType[],
+    };
+  }
+
   @Mutation(() => String, {
     description: 'Update a chat session',
   })
@@ -939,31 +917,10 @@ export class UserCopilotResolver {
   }
 }
 
-@InputType()
-class CreateCopilotPromptInput {
-  @Field(() => String)
-  name!: string;
-
-  @Field(() => String)
-  model!: string;
-
-  @Field(() => String, { nullable: true })
-  action!: string | null;
-
-  @Field(() => CopilotPromptConfigType, { nullable: true })
-  config!: CopilotPromptConfigType | null;
-
-  @Field(() => [CopilotPromptMessageType])
-  messages!: CopilotPromptMessageType[];
-}
-
 @Admin()
 @Resolver(() => String)
 export class PromptsManagementResolver {
-  constructor(
-    private readonly cron: CopilotCronJobs,
-    private readonly promptService: PromptService
-  ) {}
+  constructor(private readonly cron: CopilotCronJobs) {}
 
   @Mutation(() => Boolean, {
     description: 'Trigger generate missing titles cron job',
@@ -980,48 +937,4 @@ export class PromptsManagementResolver {
     await this.cron.triggerCleanupTrashedDocEmbeddings();
     return true;
   }
-
-  @Query(() => [CopilotPromptType], {
-    description: 'List all copilot prompts',
-  })
-  async listCopilotPrompts() {
-    const prompts = await this.promptService.list();
-    return prompts.filter(
-      p =>
-        p.messages.length > 0 &&
-        // ignore internal prompts
-        !p.name.startsWith('workflow:') &&
-        !p.name.startsWith('debug:') &&
-        !p.name.startsWith('chat:') &&
-        !p.name.startsWith('action:')
-    );
-  }
-
-  @Mutation(() => CopilotPromptType, {
-    description: 'Create a copilot prompt',
-  })
-  async createCopilotPrompt(
-    @Args({ type: () => CreateCopilotPromptInput, name: 'input' })
-    input: CreateCopilotPromptInput
-  ) {
-    await this.promptService.set(
-      input.name,
-      input.model,
-      input.messages,
-      input.config
-    );
-    return this.promptService.get(input.name);
-  }
-
-  @Mutation(() => CopilotPromptType, {
-    description: 'Update a copilot prompt',
-  })
-  async updateCopilotPrompt(
-    @Args('name') name: string,
-    @Args('messages', { type: () => [CopilotPromptMessageType] })
-    messages: CopilotPromptMessageType[]
-  ) {
-    await this.promptService.update(name, { messages, modified: true });
-    return this.promptService.get(name);
-  }
 }
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/session.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/session.ts
index 901462042..36b0ea669 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/session.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/session.ts
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import { AiPromptRole } from '@prisma/client';
 import { pick } from 'lodash-es';
 
 import {
+  Config,
   CopilotActionTaken,
   CopilotMessageNotFound,
   CopilotPromptNotFound,
@@ -31,6 +32,7 @@ import { ChatMessageCache } from './message';
 import { ChatPrompt } from './prompt/chat-prompt';
 import { PromptService } from './prompt/service';
 import { CopilotProviderFactory } from './providers/factory';
+import { buildProviderRegistry } from './providers/provider-registry';
 import {
   ModelOutputType,
   type PromptMessage,
@@ -105,10 +107,31 @@ export class ChatSession implements AsyncDisposable {
     hasPayment: boolean,
     requestedModelId?: string
   ): Promise<string> {
+    const config = this.moduleRef.get(Config, { strict: false });
+    const registry = config
+      ? buildProviderRegistry(config.copilot.providers)
+      : null;
     const defaultModel = this.model;
-    const normalize = (m?: string) =>
-      !!m && this.optionalModels.includes(m) ? m : defaultModel;
-    const isPro = (m?: string) => !!m && this.proModels.includes(m);
+    const normalizeModel = (modelId?: string) => {
+      if (!modelId) return modelId;
+      const separatorIndex = modelId.indexOf('/');
+      if (separatorIndex <= 0) return modelId;
+      const providerId = modelId.slice(0, separatorIndex);
+      if (!registry?.profiles.has(providerId)) return modelId;
+      return modelId.slice(separatorIndex + 1);
+    };
+    const inModelList = (models: string[], modelId?: string) => {
+      if (!modelId) return false;
+      return (
+        models.includes(modelId) ||
+        models.includes(normalizeModel(modelId) ?? '')
+      );
+    };
+    const normalize = (m?: string) => {
+      if (inModelList(this.optionalModels, m)) return m;
+      return defaultModel;
+    };
+    const isPro = (m?: string) => inModelList(this.proModels, m);
 
     // try resolve payment subscription service lazily
     let paymentEnabled = hasPayment;
@@ -132,10 +155,19 @@ export class ChatSession implements AsyncDisposable {
     }
 
     if (paymentEnabled && !isUserAIPro && isPro(requestedModelId)) {
+      if (!defaultModel) {
+        throw new CopilotSessionInvalidInput(
+          'Model is required for AI subscription fallback'
+        );
+      }
       return defaultModel;
     }
 
-    return normalize(requestedModelId);
+    const resolvedModel = normalize(requestedModelId);
+    if (!resolvedModel) {
+      throw new CopilotSessionInvalidInput('Model is required');
+    }
+    return resolvedModel;
   }
 
   push(message: ChatMessage) {
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/tools/blob-read.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/tools/blob-read.ts
index 1a556010c..b331b98a4 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/tools/blob-read.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/tools/blob-read.ts
@@ -32,16 +32,22 @@ export const buildBlobContentGetter = (
       return;
     }
 
+    const contextFile = context.files.find(
+      file => file.blobId === blobId || file.id === blobId
+    );
+    const canonicalBlobId = contextFile?.blobId ?? blobId;
+    const targetFileId = contextFile?.id;
     const [file, blob] = await Promise.all([
-      context?.getFileContent(blobId, chunk),
-      context?.getBlobContent(blobId, chunk),
+      targetFileId ? context.getFileContent(targetFileId, chunk) : undefined,
+      context.getBlobContent(canonicalBlobId, chunk),
     ]);
     const content = file?.trim() || blob?.trim();
-    if (!content) {
-      return;
-    }
+    if (!content) return;
+    const info = contextFile
+      ? { fileName: contextFile.name, fileType: contextFile.mimeType }
+      : {};
 
-    return { blobId, chunk, content };
+    return { blobId: canonicalBlobId, chunk, content, ...info };
   };
   return getBlobContent;
 };
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/worker/controller.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/worker/controller.ts
index ed2e849d2..e7f89114a 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/worker/controller.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/worker/controller.ts
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import type {
 import { HTMLRewriter } from 'htmlrewriter';
 
 import {
+  applyAttachHeaders,
   BadRequest,
   Cache,
   readResponseBufferWithLimit,
@@ -127,15 +128,18 @@ export class WorkerController {
       if (buffer.length === 0) {
         return resp.status(404).header(getCorsHeaders(origin)).send();
       }
-      return resp
-        .status(200)
-        .header({
-          ...getCorsHeaders(origin),
-          ...(origin ? { Vary: 'Origin' } : {}),
-          'Access-Control-Allow-Methods': 'GET',
-          'Content-Type': 'image/*',
-        })
-        .send(buffer);
+      resp.header({
+        ...getCorsHeaders(origin),
+        ...(origin ? { Vary: 'Origin' } : {}),
+        'Access-Control-Allow-Methods': 'GET',
+      });
+      applyAttachHeaders(resp, { buffer });
+      const contentType = resp.getHeader('Content-Type') as string | undefined;
+      if (contentType?.startsWith('image/')) {
+        return resp.status(200).send(buffer);
+      } else {
+        throw new BadRequest('Invalid content type');
+      }
     }
 
     let response: Response;
@@ -171,39 +175,39 @@ export class WorkerController {
       throw new BadRequest('Failed to fetch image');
     }
     if (response.ok) {
-      const contentType = response.headers.get('Content-Type');
-      if (contentType?.startsWith('image/')) {
-        let buffer: Buffer;
-        try {
-          buffer = await readResponseBufferWithLimit(
-            response,
-            IMAGE_PROXY_MAX_BYTES
-          );
-        } catch (error) {
-          if (error instanceof ResponseTooLargeError) {
-            this.logger.warn('Image proxy response too large', {
-              url: imageURL,
-              limitBytes: error.data?.limitBytes,
-              receivedBytes: error.data?.receivedBytes,
-            });
-            throw new BadRequest('Response too large');
-          }
-          throw error;
+      let buffer: Buffer;
+      try {
+        buffer = await readResponseBufferWithLimit(
+          response,
+          IMAGE_PROXY_MAX_BYTES
+        );
+      } catch (error) {
+        if (error instanceof ResponseTooLargeError) {
+          this.logger.warn('Image proxy response too large', {
+            url: imageURL,
+            limitBytes: error.data?.limitBytes,
+            receivedBytes: error.data?.receivedBytes,
+          });
+          throw new BadRequest('Response too large');
         }
-        await this.cache.set(cachedUrl, buffer.toString('base64'), {
-          ttl: CACHE_TTL,
-        });
-        const contentDisposition = response.headers.get('Content-Disposition');
-        return resp
-          .status(200)
-          .header({
-            ...getCorsHeaders(origin),
-            ...(origin ? { Vary: 'Origin' } : {}),
-            'Access-Control-Allow-Methods': 'GET',
-            'Content-Type': contentType,
-            'Content-Disposition': contentDisposition,
-          })
-          .send(buffer);
+        throw error;
+      }
+      await this.cache.set(cachedUrl, buffer.toString('base64'), {
+        ttl: CACHE_TTL,
+      });
+      const contentDisposition = response.headers.get('Content-Disposition');
+      resp.header({
+        ...getCorsHeaders(origin),
+        ...(origin ? { Vary: 'Origin' } : {}),
+        'Access-Control-Allow-Methods': 'GET',
+      });
+      if (contentDisposition) {
+        resp.setHeader('Content-Disposition', contentDisposition);
+      }
+      applyAttachHeaders(resp, { buffer });
+      const contentType = resp.getHeader('Content-Type') as string | undefined;
+      if (contentType?.startsWith('image/')) {
+        return resp.status(200).send(buffer);
       } else {
         throw new BadRequest('Invalid content type');
       }
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/schema.gql b/packages/backend/server/src/schema.gql
index b1874bb30..79e1fb803 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/schema.gql
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/schema.gql
@@ -607,50 +607,10 @@ type CopilotModelsType {
   proModels: [CopilotModelType!]!
 }
 
-input CopilotPromptConfigInput {
-  frequencyPenalty: Float
-  presencePenalty: Float
-  temperature: Float
-  topP: Float
-}
-
-type CopilotPromptConfigType {
-  frequencyPenalty: Float
-  presencePenalty: Float
-  temperature: Float
-  topP: Float
-}
-
-input CopilotPromptMessageInput {
-  content: String!
-  params: JSON
-  role: CopilotPromptMessageRole!
-}
-
-enum CopilotPromptMessageRole {
-  assistant
-  system
-  user
-}
-
-type CopilotPromptMessageType {
-  content: String!
-  params: JSON
-  role: CopilotPromptMessageRole!
-}
-
 type CopilotPromptNotFoundDataType {
   name: String!
 }
 
-type CopilotPromptType {
-  action: String
-  config: CopilotPromptConfigType
-  messages: [CopilotPromptMessageType!]!
-  model: String!
-  name: String!
-}
-
 type CopilotProviderNotSupportedDataType {
   kind: String!
   provider: String!
@@ -747,14 +707,6 @@ input CreateCheckoutSessionInput {
   variant: SubscriptionVariant
 }
 
-input CreateCopilotPromptInput {
-  action: String
-  config: CopilotPromptConfigInput
-  messages: [CopilotPromptMessageInput!]!
-  model: String!
-  name: String!
-}
-
 input CreateUserInput {
   email: String!
   name: String
@@ -1551,11 +1503,11 @@ type Mutation {
   """Create a chat message"""
   createCopilotMessage(options: CreateChatMessageInput!): String!
 
-  """Create a copilot prompt"""
-  createCopilotPrompt(input: CreateCopilotPromptInput!): CopilotPromptType!
-
   """Create a chat session"""
-  createCopilotSession(options: CreateChatSessionInput!): String!
+  createCopilotSession(options: CreateChatSessionInput!): String! @deprecated(reason: "use `createCopilotSessionWithHistory` instead")
+
+  """Create a chat session and return full session payload"""
+  createCopilotSessionWithHistory(options: CreateChatSessionInput!): CopilotHistories!
 
   """Create a stripe customer portal to manage payment methods"""
   createCustomerPortal: String!
@@ -1672,9 +1624,6 @@ type Mutation {
   """Update a comment content"""
   updateComment(input: CommentUpdateInput!): Boolean!
 
-  """Update a copilot prompt"""
-  updateCopilotPrompt(messages: [CopilotPromptMessageInput!]!, name: String!): CopilotPromptType!
-
   """Update a chat session"""
   updateCopilotSession(options: UpdateChatSessionInput!): String!
   updateDocDefaultRole(input: UpdateDocDefaultRoleInput!): Boolean!
@@ -1923,9 +1872,6 @@ type Query {
 
   """get workspace invitation info"""
   getInviteInfo(inviteId: String!): InvitationType!
-
-  """List all copilot prompts"""
-  listCopilotPrompts: [CopilotPromptType!]!
   prices: [SubscriptionPrice!]!
 
   """Get public user by id"""
diff --git a/packages/common/graphql/src/graphql/admin/copilot-prompt-list.gql b/packages/common/graphql/src/graphql/admin/copilot-prompt-list.gql
deleted file mode 100644
index 59a9bb567..000000000
--- a/packages/common/graphql/src/graphql/admin/copilot-prompt-list.gql
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-query getPrompts {
-  listCopilotPrompts {
-    name
-    model
-    action
-    config {
-      frequencyPenalty
-      presencePenalty
-      temperature
-      topP
-    }
-    messages {
-      role
-      content
-      params
-    }
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/common/graphql/src/graphql/admin/copilot-prompt-update.gql b/packages/common/graphql/src/graphql/admin/copilot-prompt-update.gql
deleted file mode 100644
index a0795eeb6..000000000
--- a/packages/common/graphql/src/graphql/admin/copilot-prompt-update.gql
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-mutation updatePrompt(
-  $name: String!
-  $messages: [CopilotPromptMessageInput!]!
-) {
-  updateCopilotPrompt(name: $name, messages: $messages) {
-    name
-    model
-    action
-    config {
-      frequencyPenalty
-      presencePenalty
-      temperature
-      topP
-    }
-    messages {
-      role
-      content
-      params
-    }
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/common/graphql/src/graphql/copilot-history-list-doc-sessions.gql b/packages/common/graphql/src/graphql/copilot-history-list-doc-sessions.gql
index 31dc7bd09..6624d2961 100644
--- a/packages/common/graphql/src/graphql/copilot-history-list-doc-sessions.gql
+++ b/packages/common/graphql/src/graphql/copilot-history-list-doc-sessions.gql
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#import "./fragments/copilot.gql"
+#import "./fragments/paginated-copilot-chats.gql"
 
 query getCopilotDocSessions(
   $workspaceId: String!
diff --git a/packages/common/graphql/src/graphql/copilot-history-list-pinned-session.gql b/packages/common/graphql/src/graphql/copilot-history-list-pinned-session.gql
index 19aac215c..9373957d8 100644
--- a/packages/common/graphql/src/graphql/copilot-history-list-pinned-session.gql
+++ b/packages/common/graphql/src/graphql/copilot-history-list-pinned-session.gql
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#import "./fragments/copilot.gql"
+#import "./fragments/paginated-copilot-chats.gql"
 
 query getCopilotPinnedSessions(
   $workspaceId: String!
diff --git a/packages/common/graphql/src/graphql/copilot-history-list-workspace-sessions.gql b/packages/common/graphql/src/graphql/copilot-history-list-workspace-sessions.gql
index aeaddf21f..59a76862b 100644
--- a/packages/common/graphql/src/graphql/copilot-history-list-workspace-sessions.gql
+++ b/packages/common/graphql/src/graphql/copilot-history-list-workspace-sessions.gql
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#import "./fragments/copilot.gql"
+#import "./fragments/paginated-copilot-chats.gql"
 
 query getCopilotWorkspaceSessions(
   $workspaceId: String!
diff --git a/packages/common/graphql/src/graphql/copilot-history-list.gql b/packages/common/graphql/src/graphql/copilot-history-list.gql
index cc2708e50..79cd0ddb0 100644
--- a/packages/common/graphql/src/graphql/copilot-history-list.gql
+++ b/packages/common/graphql/src/graphql/copilot-history-list.gql
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#import "./fragments/copilot.gql"
+#import "./fragments/paginated-copilot-chats.gql"
 
 query getCopilotHistories(
   $workspaceId: String!
diff --git a/packages/common/graphql/src/graphql/copilot-session-create-with-history.gql b/packages/common/graphql/src/graphql/copilot-session-create-with-history.gql
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..83977fc6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/common/graphql/src/graphql/copilot-session-create-with-history.gql
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+#import "./fragments/copilot-chat-history.gql"
+
+mutation createCopilotSessionWithHistory($options: CreateChatSessionInput!) {
+  createCopilotSessionWithHistory(options: $options) {
+    ...CopilotChatHistory
+  }
+}
diff --git a/packages/common/graphql/src/graphql/copilot-session-get-latest-doc.gql b/packages/common/graphql/src/graphql/copilot-session-get-latest-doc.gql
index 382c1f6ee..3698aab85 100644
--- a/packages/common/graphql/src/graphql/copilot-session-get-latest-doc.gql
+++ b/packages/common/graphql/src/graphql/copilot-session-get-latest-doc.gql
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#import "./fragments/copilot.gql"
+#import "./fragments/paginated-copilot-chats.gql"
 
 query getCopilotLatestDocSession(
   $workspaceId: String!
diff --git a/packages/common/graphql/src/graphql/copilot-session-get.gql b/packages/common/graphql/src/graphql/copilot-session-get.gql
index 129dc109a..9bf014245 100644
--- a/packages/common/graphql/src/graphql/copilot-session-get.gql
+++ b/packages/common/graphql/src/graphql/copilot-session-get.gql
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#import "./fragments/copilot.gql"
+#import "./fragments/paginated-copilot-chats.gql"
 
 query getCopilotSession(
   $workspaceId: String!
diff --git a/packages/common/graphql/src/graphql/copilot-session-list-recent.gql b/packages/common/graphql/src/graphql/copilot-session-list-recent.gql
index 515dbccc5..bbc0ae9c9 100644
--- a/packages/common/graphql/src/graphql/copilot-session-list-recent.gql
+++ b/packages/common/graphql/src/graphql/copilot-session-list-recent.gql
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#import "./fragments/copilot.gql"
+#import "./fragments/paginated-copilot-chats.gql"
 
 query getCopilotRecentSessions(
   $workspaceId: String!
diff --git a/packages/common/graphql/src/graphql/copilot-sessions-get.gql b/packages/common/graphql/src/graphql/copilot-sessions-get.gql
index 8ec80bfc4..0ef89c6ae 100644
--- a/packages/common/graphql/src/graphql/copilot-sessions-get.gql
+++ b/packages/common/graphql/src/graphql/copilot-sessions-get.gql
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#import "./fragments/copilot.gql"
+#import "./fragments/paginated-copilot-chats.gql"
 
 query getCopilotSessions(
   $workspaceId: String!
diff --git a/packages/common/graphql/src/graphql/fragments/copilot-chat-history.gql b/packages/common/graphql/src/graphql/fragments/copilot-chat-history.gql
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..eed7dc06f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/common/graphql/src/graphql/fragments/copilot-chat-history.gql
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+fragment CopilotChatHistory on CopilotHistories {
+  sessionId
+  workspaceId
+  docId
+  parentSessionId
+  promptName
+  model
+  optionalModels
+  action
+  pinned
+  title
+  tokens
+  messages {
+    id
+    role
+    content
+    attachments
+    streamObjects {
+      type
+      textDelta
+      toolCallId
+      toolName
+      args
+      result
+    }
+    createdAt
+  }
+  createdAt
+  updatedAt
+}
diff --git a/packages/common/graphql/src/graphql/fragments/copilot.gql b/packages/common/graphql/src/graphql/fragments/copilot.gql
deleted file mode 100644
index 3884cdcd0..000000000
--- a/packages/common/graphql/src/graphql/fragments/copilot.gql
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,49 +0,0 @@
-fragment CopilotChatMessage on ChatMessage {
-  id
-  role
-  content
-  attachments
-  streamObjects {
-    type
-    textDelta
-    toolCallId
-    toolName
-    args
-    result
-  }
-  createdAt
-}
-
-fragment CopilotChatHistory on CopilotHistories {
-  sessionId
-  workspaceId
-  docId
-  parentSessionId
-  promptName
-  model
-  optionalModels
-  action
-  pinned
-  title
-  tokens
-  messages {
-    ...CopilotChatMessage
-  }
-  createdAt
-  updatedAt
-}
-
-fragment PaginatedCopilotChats on PaginatedCopilotHistoriesType {
-  pageInfo {
-    hasNextPage
-    hasPreviousPage
-    startCursor
-    endCursor
-  }
-  edges {
-    cursor
-    node {
-      ...CopilotChatHistory
-    }
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/common/graphql/src/graphql/fragments/paginated-copilot-chats.gql b/packages/common/graphql/src/graphql/fragments/paginated-copilot-chats.gql
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..37ed361dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/common/graphql/src/graphql/fragments/paginated-copilot-chats.gql
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+#import "./copilot-chat-history.gql"
+
+fragment PaginatedCopilotChats on PaginatedCopilotHistoriesType {
+  pageInfo {
+    hasNextPage
+    hasPreviousPage
+    startCursor
+    endCursor
+  }
+  edges {
+    cursor
+    node {
+      ...CopilotChatHistory
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/packages/common/graphql/src/graphql/index.ts b/packages/common/graphql/src/graphql/index.ts
index 74647207b..08a2c284d 100644
--- a/packages/common/graphql/src/graphql/index.ts
+++ b/packages/common/graphql/src/graphql/index.ts
@@ -6,21 +6,6 @@ export interface GraphQLQuery {
   file?: boolean;
   deprecations?: string[];
 }
-export const copilotChatMessageFragment = `fragment CopilotChatMessage on ChatMessage {
-  id
-  role
-  content
-  attachments
-  streamObjects {
-    type
-    textDelta
-    toolCallId
-    toolName
-    args
-    result
-  }
-  createdAt
-}`;
 export const copilotChatHistoryFragment = `fragment CopilotChatHistory on CopilotHistories {
   sessionId
   workspaceId
@@ -34,25 +19,23 @@ export const copilotChatHistoryFragment = `fragment CopilotChatHistory on Copilo
   title
   tokens
   messages {
-    ...CopilotChatMessage
+    id
+    role
+    content
+    attachments
+    streamObjects {
+      type
+      textDelta
+      toolCallId
+      toolName
+      args
+      result
+    }
+    createdAt
   }
   createdAt
   updatedAt
 }`;
-export const paginatedCopilotChatsFragment = `fragment PaginatedCopilotChats on PaginatedCopilotHistoriesType {
-  pageInfo {
-    hasNextPage
-    hasPreviousPage
-    startCursor
-    endCursor
-  }
-  edges {
-    cursor
-    node {
-      ...CopilotChatHistory
-    }
-  }
-}`;
 export const credentialsRequirementsFragment = `fragment CredentialsRequirements on CredentialsRequirementType {
   password {
     ...PasswordLimits
@@ -94,6 +77,20 @@ export const currentUserProfileFragment = `fragment CurrentUserProfile on UserTy
     }
   }
 }`;
+export const paginatedCopilotChatsFragment = `fragment PaginatedCopilotChats on PaginatedCopilotHistoriesType {
+  pageInfo {
+    hasNextPage
+    hasPreviousPage
+    startCursor
+    endCursor
+  }
+  edges {
+    cursor
+    node {
+      ...CopilotChatHistory
+    }
+  }
+}${copilotChatHistoryFragment}`;
 export const passwordLimitsFragment = `fragment PasswordLimits on PasswordLimitsType {
   minLength
   maxLength
@@ -404,52 +401,6 @@ export const appConfigQuery = {
 }`,
 };
 
-export const getPromptsQuery = {
-  id: 'getPromptsQuery' as const,
-  op: 'getPrompts',
-  query: `query getPrompts {
-  listCopilotPrompts {
-    name
-    model
-    action
-    config {
-      frequencyPenalty
-      presencePenalty
-      temperature
-      topP
-    }
-    messages {
-      role
-      content
-      params
-    }
-  }
-}`,
-};
-
-export const updatePromptMutation = {
-  id: 'updatePromptMutation' as const,
-  op: 'updatePrompt',
-  query: `mutation updatePrompt($name: String!, $messages: [CopilotPromptMessageInput!]!) {
-  updateCopilotPrompt(name: $name, messages: $messages) {
-    name
-    model
-    action
-    config {
-      frequencyPenalty
-      presencePenalty
-      temperature
-      topP
-    }
-    messages {
-      role
-      content
-      params
-    }
-  }
-}`,
-};
-
 export const createUserMutation = {
   id: 'createUserMutation' as const,
   op: 'createUser',
@@ -1411,8 +1362,6 @@ export const getCopilotDocSessionsQuery = {
     }
   }
 }
-${copilotChatMessageFragment}
-${copilotChatHistoryFragment}
 ${paginatedCopilotChatsFragment}`,
 };
 
@@ -1432,8 +1381,6 @@ export const getCopilotPinnedSessionsQuery = {
     }
   }
 }
-${copilotChatMessageFragment}
-${copilotChatHistoryFragment}
 ${paginatedCopilotChatsFragment}`,
 };
 
@@ -1449,8 +1396,6 @@ export const getCopilotWorkspaceSessionsQuery = {
     }
   }
 }
-${copilotChatMessageFragment}
-${copilotChatHistoryFragment}
 ${paginatedCopilotChatsFragment}`,
 };
 
@@ -1466,8 +1411,6 @@ export const getCopilotHistoriesQuery = {
     }
   }
 }
-${copilotChatMessageFragment}
-${copilotChatHistoryFragment}
 ${paginatedCopilotChatsFragment}`,
 };
 
@@ -1596,12 +1539,24 @@ export const cleanupCopilotSessionMutation = {
 }`,
 };
 
+export const createCopilotSessionWithHistoryMutation = {
+  id: 'createCopilotSessionWithHistoryMutation' as const,
+  op: 'createCopilotSessionWithHistory',
+  query: `mutation createCopilotSessionWithHistory($options: CreateChatSessionInput!) {
+  createCopilotSessionWithHistory(options: $options) {
+    ...CopilotChatHistory
+  }
+}
+${copilotChatHistoryFragment}`,
+};
+
 export const createCopilotSessionMutation = {
   id: 'createCopilotSessionMutation' as const,
   op: 'createCopilotSession',
   query: `mutation createCopilotSession($options: CreateChatSessionInput!) {
   createCopilotSession(options: $options)
 }`,
+  deprecations: ["'createCopilotSession' is deprecated: use `createCopilotSessionWithHistory` instead"],
 };
 
 export const forkCopilotSessionMutation = {
@@ -1628,8 +1583,6 @@ export const getCopilotLatestDocSessionQuery = {
     }
   }
 }
-${copilotChatMessageFragment}
-${copilotChatHistoryFragment}
 ${paginatedCopilotChatsFragment}`,
 };
 
@@ -1645,8 +1598,6 @@ export const getCopilotSessionQuery = {
     }
   }
 }
-${copilotChatMessageFragment}
-${copilotChatHistoryFragment}
 ${paginatedCopilotChatsFragment}`,
 };
 
@@ -1665,8 +1616,6 @@ export const getCopilotRecentSessionsQuery = {
     }
   }
 }
-${copilotChatMessageFragment}
-${copilotChatHistoryFragment}
 ${paginatedCopilotChatsFragment}`,
 };
 
@@ -1690,8 +1639,6 @@ export const getCopilotSessionsQuery = {
     }
   }
 }
-${copilotChatMessageFragment}
-${copilotChatHistoryFragment}
 ${paginatedCopilotChatsFragment}`,
 };
 
diff --git a/packages/common/graphql/src/schema.ts b/packages/common/graphql/src/schema.ts
index f11bfbad8..e707e9e6f 100644
--- a/packages/common/graphql/src/schema.ts
+++ b/packages/common/graphql/src/schema.ts
@@ -725,54 +725,11 @@ export interface CopilotModelsType {
   proModels: Array<CopilotModelType>;
 }
 
-export interface CopilotPromptConfigInput {
-  frequencyPenalty?: InputMaybe<Scalars['Float']['input']>;
-  presencePenalty?: InputMaybe<Scalars['Float']['input']>;
-  temperature?: InputMaybe<Scalars['Float']['input']>;
-  topP?: InputMaybe<Scalars['Float']['input']>;
-}
-
-export interface CopilotPromptConfigType {
-  __typename?: 'CopilotPromptConfigType';
-  frequencyPenalty: Maybe<Scalars['Float']['output']>;
-  presencePenalty: Maybe<Scalars['Float']['output']>;
-  temperature: Maybe<Scalars['Float']['output']>;
-  topP: Maybe<Scalars['Float']['output']>;
-}
-
-export interface CopilotPromptMessageInput {
-  content: Scalars['String']['input'];
-  params?: InputMaybe<Scalars['JSON']['input']>;
-  role: CopilotPromptMessageRole;
-}
-
-export enum CopilotPromptMessageRole {
-  assistant = 'assistant',
-  system = 'system',
-  user = 'user',
-}
-
-export interface CopilotPromptMessageType {
-  __typename?: 'CopilotPromptMessageType';
-  content: Scalars['String']['output'];
-  params: Maybe<Scalars['JSON']['output']>;
-  role: CopilotPromptMessageRole;
-}
-
 export interface CopilotPromptNotFoundDataType {
   __typename?: 'CopilotPromptNotFoundDataType';
   name: Scalars['String']['output'];
 }
 
-export interface CopilotPromptType {
-  __typename?: 'CopilotPromptType';
-  action: Maybe<Scalars['String']['output']>;
-  config: Maybe<CopilotPromptConfigType>;
-  messages: Array<CopilotPromptMessageType>;
-  model: Scalars['String']['output'];
-  name: Scalars['String']['output'];
-}
-
 export interface CopilotProviderNotSupportedDataType {
   __typename?: 'CopilotProviderNotSupportedDataType';
   kind: Scalars['String']['output'];
@@ -884,14 +841,6 @@ export interface CreateCheckoutSessionInput {
   variant?: InputMaybe<SubscriptionVariant>;
 }
 
-export interface CreateCopilotPromptInput {
-  action?: InputMaybe<Scalars['String']['input']>;
-  config?: InputMaybe<CopilotPromptConfigInput>;
-  messages: Array<CopilotPromptMessageInput>;
-  model: Scalars['String']['input'];
-  name: Scalars['String']['input'];
-}
-
 export interface CreateUserInput {
   email: Scalars['String']['input'];
   name?: InputMaybe<Scalars['String']['input']>;
@@ -1752,10 +1701,13 @@ export interface Mutation {
   createCopilotContext: Scalars['String']['output'];
   /** Create a chat message */
   createCopilotMessage: Scalars['String']['output'];
-  /** Create a copilot prompt */
-  createCopilotPrompt: CopilotPromptType;
-  /** Create a chat session */
+  /**
+   * Create a chat session
+   * @deprecated use `createCopilotSessionWithHistory` instead
+   */
   createCopilotSession: Scalars['String']['output'];
+  /** Create a chat session and return full session payload */
+  createCopilotSessionWithHistory: CopilotHistories;
   /** Create a stripe customer portal to manage payment methods */
   createCustomerPortal: Scalars['String']['output'];
   createInviteLink: InviteLink;
@@ -1845,8 +1797,6 @@ export interface Mutation {
   updateCalendarAccount: Maybe<CalendarAccountObjectType>;
   /** Update a comment content */
   updateComment: Scalars['Boolean']['output'];
-  /** Update a copilot prompt */
-  updateCopilotPrompt: CopilotPromptType;
   /** Update a chat session */
   updateCopilotSession: Scalars['String']['output'];
   updateDocDefaultRole: Scalars['Boolean']['output'];
@@ -1998,11 +1948,11 @@ export interface MutationCreateCopilotMessageArgs {
   options: CreateChatMessageInput;
 }
 
-export interface MutationCreateCopilotPromptArgs {
-  input: CreateCopilotPromptInput;
+export interface MutationCreateCopilotSessionArgs {
+  options: CreateChatSessionInput;
 }
 
-export interface MutationCreateCopilotSessionArgs {
+export interface MutationCreateCopilotSessionWithHistoryArgs {
   options: CreateChatSessionInput;
 }
 
@@ -2262,11 +2212,6 @@ export interface MutationUpdateCommentArgs {
   input: CommentUpdateInput;
 }
 
-export interface MutationUpdateCopilotPromptArgs {
-  messages: Array<CopilotPromptMessageInput>;
-  name: Scalars['String']['input'];
-}
-
 export interface MutationUpdateCopilotSessionArgs {
   options: UpdateChatSessionInput;
 }
@@ -2554,8 +2499,6 @@ export interface Query {
   error: ErrorDataUnion;
   /** get workspace invitation info */
   getInviteInfo: InvitationType;
-  /** List all copilot prompts */
-  listCopilotPrompts: Array<CopilotPromptType>;
   prices: Array<SubscriptionPrice>;
   /** Get public user by id */
   publicUserById: Maybe<PublicUserType>;
@@ -3886,59 +3829,6 @@ export type AppConfigQueryVariables = Exact<{ [key: string]: never }>;
 
 export type AppConfigQuery = { __typename?: 'Query'; appConfig: any };
 
-export type GetPromptsQueryVariables = Exact<{ [key: string]: never }>;
-
-export type GetPromptsQuery = {
-  __typename?: 'Query';
-  listCopilotPrompts: Array<{
-    __typename?: 'CopilotPromptType';
-    name: string;
-    model: string;
-    action: string | null;
-    config: {
-      __typename?: 'CopilotPromptConfigType';
-      frequencyPenalty: number | null;
-      presencePenalty: number | null;
-      temperature: number | null;
-      topP: number | null;
-    } | null;
-    messages: Array<{
-      __typename?: 'CopilotPromptMessageType';
-      role: CopilotPromptMessageRole;
-      content: string;
-      params: Record<string, string> | null;
-    }>;
-  }>;
-};
-
-export type UpdatePromptMutationVariables = Exact<{
-  name: Scalars['String']['input'];
-  messages: Array<CopilotPromptMessageInput> | CopilotPromptMessageInput;
-}>;
-
-export type UpdatePromptMutation = {
-  __typename?: 'Mutation';
-  updateCopilotPrompt: {
-    __typename?: 'CopilotPromptType';
-    name: string;
-    model: string;
-    action: string | null;
-    config: {
-      __typename?: 'CopilotPromptConfigType';
-      frequencyPenalty: number | null;
-      presencePenalty: number | null;
-      temperature: number | null;
-      topP: number | null;
-    } | null;
-    messages: Array<{
-      __typename?: 'CopilotPromptMessageType';
-      role: CopilotPromptMessageRole;
-      content: string;
-      params: Record<string, string> | null;
-    }>;
-  };
-};
-
 export type CreateUserMutationVariables = Exact<{
   input: CreateUserInput;
 }>;
@@ -5425,6 +5315,47 @@ export type CleanupCopilotSessionMutation = {
   cleanupCopilotSession: Array<string>;
 };
 
+export type CreateCopilotSessionWithHistoryMutationVariables = Exact<{
+  options: CreateChatSessionInput;
+}>;
+
+export type CreateCopilotSessionWithHistoryMutation = {
+  __typename?: 'Mutation';
+  createCopilotSessionWithHistory: {
+    __typename?: 'CopilotHistories';
+    sessionId: string;
+    workspaceId: string;
+    docId: string | null;
+    parentSessionId: string | null;
+    promptName: string;
+    model: string;
+    optionalModels: Array<string>;
+    action: string | null;
+    pinned: boolean;
+    title: string | null;
+    tokens: number;
+    createdAt: string;
+    updatedAt: string;
+    messages: Array<{
+      __typename?: 'ChatMessage';
+      id: string | null;
+      role: string;
+      content: string;
+      attachments: Array<string> | null;
+      createdAt: string;
+      streamObjects: Array<{
+        __typename?: 'StreamObject';
+        type: string;
+        textDelta: string | null;
+        toolCallId: string | null;
+        toolName: string | null;
+        args: Record<string, string> | null;
+        result: Record<string, string> | null;
+      }> | null;
+    }>;
+  };
+};
+
 export type CreateCopilotSessionMutationVariables = Exact<{
   options: CreateChatSessionInput;
 }>;
@@ -5934,24 +5865,6 @@ export type GetDocRolePermissionsQuery = {
   };
 };
 
-export type CopilotChatMessageFragment = {
-  __typename?: 'ChatMessage';
-  id: string | null;
-  role: string;
-  content: string;
-  attachments: Array<string> | null;
-  createdAt: string;
-  streamObjects: Array<{
-    __typename?: 'StreamObject';
-    type: string;
-    textDelta: string | null;
-    toolCallId: string | null;
-    toolName: string | null;
-    args: Record<string, string> | null;
-    result: Record<string, string> | null;
-  }> | null;
-};
-
 export type CopilotChatHistoryFragment = {
   __typename?: 'CopilotHistories';
   sessionId: string;
@@ -5986,6 +5899,52 @@ export type CopilotChatHistoryFragment = {
   }>;
 };
 
+export type CredentialsRequirementsFragment = {
+  __typename?: 'CredentialsRequirementType';
+  password: {
+    __typename?: 'PasswordLimitsType';
+    minLength: number;
+    maxLength: number;
+  };
+};
+
+export type CurrentUserProfileFragment = {
+  __typename?: 'UserType';
+  id: string;
+  name: string;
+  email: string;
+  avatarUrl: string | null;
+  emailVerified: boolean;
+  features: Array<FeatureType>;
+  settings: {
+    __typename?: 'UserSettingsType';
+    receiveInvitationEmail: boolean;
+    receiveMentionEmail: boolean;
+    receiveCommentEmail: boolean;
+  };
+  quota: {
+    __typename?: 'UserQuotaType';
+    name: string;
+    blobLimit: number;
+    storageQuota: number;
+    historyPeriod: number;
+    memberLimit: number;
+    humanReadable: {
+      __typename?: 'UserQuotaHumanReadableType';
+      name: string;
+      blobLimit: string;
+      storageQuota: string;
+      historyPeriod: string;
+      memberLimit: string;
+    };
+  };
+  quotaUsage: { __typename?: 'UserQuotaUsageType'; storageQuota: number };
+  copilot: {
+    __typename?: 'Copilot';
+    quota: { __typename?: 'CopilotQuota'; limit: number | null; used: number };
+  };
+};
+
 export type PaginatedCopilotChatsFragment = {
   __typename?: 'PaginatedCopilotHistoriesType';
   pageInfo: {
@@ -6034,52 +5993,6 @@ export type PaginatedCopilotChatsFragment = {
   }>;
 };
 
-export type CredentialsRequirementsFragment = {
-  __typename?: 'CredentialsRequirementType';
-  password: {
-    __typename?: 'PasswordLimitsType';
-    minLength: number;
-    maxLength: number;
-  };
-};
-
-export type CurrentUserProfileFragment = {
-  __typename?: 'UserType';
-  id: string;
-  name: string;
-  email: string;
-  avatarUrl: string | null;
-  emailVerified: boolean;
-  features: Array<FeatureType>;
-  settings: {
-    __typename?: 'UserSettingsType';
-    receiveInvitationEmail: boolean;
-    receiveMentionEmail: boolean;
-    receiveCommentEmail: boolean;
-  };
-  quota: {
-    __typename?: 'UserQuotaType';
-    name: string;
-    blobLimit: number;
-    storageQuota: number;
-    historyPeriod: number;
-    memberLimit: number;
-    humanReadable: {
-      __typename?: 'UserQuotaHumanReadableType';
-      name: string;
-      blobLimit: string;
-      storageQuota: string;
-      historyPeriod: string;
-      memberLimit: string;
-    };
-  };
-  quotaUsage: { __typename?: 'UserQuotaUsageType'; storageQuota: number };
-  copilot: {
-    __typename?: 'Copilot';
-    quota: { __typename?: 'CopilotQuota'; limit: number | null; used: number };
-  };
-};
-
 export type PasswordLimitsFragment = {
   __typename?: 'PasswordLimitsType';
   minLength: number;
@@ -7623,11 +7536,6 @@ export type Queries =
       variables: AppConfigQueryVariables;
       response: AppConfigQuery;
     }
-  | {
-      name: 'getPromptsQuery';
-      variables: GetPromptsQueryVariables;
-      response: GetPromptsQuery;
-    }
   | {
       name: 'getUserByEmailQuery';
       variables: GetUserByEmailQueryVariables;
@@ -8035,11 +7943,6 @@ export type Mutations =
       variables: CreateChangePasswordUrlMutationVariables;
       response: CreateChangePasswordUrlMutation;
     }
-  | {
-      name: 'updatePromptMutation';
-      variables: UpdatePromptMutationVariables;
-      response: UpdatePromptMutation;
-    }
   | {
       name: 'createUserMutation';
       variables: CreateUserMutationVariables;
@@ -8275,6 +8178,11 @@ export type Mutations =
       variables: CleanupCopilotSessionMutationVariables;
       response: CleanupCopilotSessionMutation;
     }
+  | {
+      name: 'createCopilotSessionWithHistoryMutation';
+      variables: CreateCopilotSessionWithHistoryMutationVariables;
+      response: CreateCopilotSessionWithHistoryMutation;
+    }
   | {
       name: 'createCopilotSessionMutation';
       variables: CreateCopilotSessionMutationVariables;
diff --git a/packages/frontend/admin/src/config.json b/packages/frontend/admin/src/config.json
index 42709642b..687a54518 100644
--- a/packages/frontend/admin/src/config.json
+++ b/packages/frontend/admin/src/config.json
@@ -313,6 +313,14 @@
       "type": "Object",
       "desc": "Use custom models in scenarios and override default settings."
     },
+    "providers.profiles": {
+      "type": "Array",
+      "desc": "The profile list for copilot providers."
+    },
+    "providers.defaults": {
+      "type": "Object",
+      "desc": "The default provider ids for model output types and global fallback."
+    },
     "providers.openai": {
       "type": "Object",
       "desc": "The config for the openai provider.",
diff --git a/packages/frontend/admin/src/modules/ai/edit-prompt.tsx b/packages/frontend/admin/src/modules/ai/edit-prompt.tsx
deleted file mode 100644
index 0cf9010d6..000000000
--- a/packages/frontend/admin/src/modules/ai/edit-prompt.tsx
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,146 +0,0 @@
-import { ScrollArea } from '@affine/admin/components/ui/scroll-area';
-import { Separator } from '@affine/admin/components/ui/separator';
-import { Textarea } from '@affine/admin/components/ui/textarea';
-import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react';
-
-import { RightPanelHeader } from '../header';
-import { useRightPanel } from '../panel/context';
-import type { Prompt } from './prompts';
-import { usePrompt } from './use-prompt';
-
-export function EditPrompt({
-  item,
-  setCanSave,
-}: {
-  item: Prompt;
-  setCanSave: (changed: boolean) => void;
-}) {
-  const { closePanel } = useRightPanel();
-
-  const [messages, setMessages] = useState(item.messages);
-  const { updatePrompt } = usePrompt();
-
-  const disableSave = useMemo(
-    () => JSON.stringify(messages) === JSON.stringify(item.messages),
-    [item.messages, messages]
-  );
-
-  const handleChange = useCallback(
-    (e: React.ChangeEvent<HTMLTextAreaElement>, index: number) => {
-      const newMessages = [...messages];
-      newMessages[index] = {
-        ...newMessages[index],
-        content: e.target.value,
-      };
-      setMessages(newMessages);
-      setCanSave(!disableSave);
-    },
-    [disableSave, messages, setCanSave]
-  );
-  const handleClose = useCallback(() => {
-    setMessages(item.messages);
-    closePanel();
-  }, [closePanel, item.messages]);
-
-  const onConfirm = useCallback(() => {
-    if (!disableSave) {
-      updatePrompt({ name: item.name, messages });
-    }
-    handleClose();
-  }, [disableSave, handleClose, item.name, messages, updatePrompt]);
-
-  useEffect(() => {
-    setMessages(item.messages);
-  }, [item.messages]);
-
-  return (
-    <div className="flex flex-col h-full gap-1">
-      <RightPanelHeader
-        title="Edit Prompt"
-        handleClose={handleClose}
-        handleConfirm={onConfirm}
-        canSave={!disableSave}
-      />
-      <ScrollArea>
-        <div className="grid">
-          <div className="px-5 py-4 overflow-y-auto space-y-[10px] flex flex-col gap-5">
-            <div className="flex flex-col">
-              <div className="text-sm font-medium">Name</div>
-              <div className="text-sm font-normal text-muted-foreground">
-                {item.name}
-              </div>
-            </div>
-            {item.action ? (
-              <div className="flex flex-col">
-                <div className="text-sm font-medium">Action</div>
-                <div className="text-sm font-normal text-muted-foreground">
-                  {item.action}
-                </div>
-              </div>
-            ) : null}
-            <div className="flex flex-col">
-              <div className="text-sm font-medium">Model</div>
-              <div className="text-sm font-normal text-muted-foreground">
-                {item.model}
-              </div>
-            </div>
-            {item.config ? (
-              <div className="flex flex-col border rounded p-3">
-                <div className="text-sm font-medium">Config</div>
-                {Object.entries(item.config).map(([key, value], index) => (
-                  <div key={key} className="flex flex-col">
-                    {index !== 0 && <Separator />}
-                    <span className="text-sm font-normal">{key}</span>
-                    <span className="text-sm font-normal text-muted-foreground">
-                      {value?.toString()}
-                    </span>
-                  </div>
-                ))}
-              </div>
-            ) : null}
-          </div>
-          <div className="px-5 py-4 overflow-y-auto space-y-[10px] flex flex-col">
-            <div className="text-sm font-medium">Messages</div>
-            {messages.map((message, index) => (
-              <div key={message.content} className="flex flex-col gap-3">
-                {index !== 0 && <Separator />}
-                <div>
-                  <div className="text-sm font-normal">Role</div>
-                  <div className="text-sm font-normal text-muted-foreground">
-                    {message.role}
-                  </div>
-                </div>
-
-                {message.params ? (
-                  <div>
-                    <div className="text-sm font-medium">Params</div>
-                    {Object.entries(message.params).map(
-                      ([key, value], index) => (
-                        <div key={key} className="flex flex-col">
-                          {index !== 0 && <Separator />}
-                          <span className="text-sm font-normal">{key}</span>
-                          <span
-                            className="text-sm font-normal text-muted-foreground"
-                            style={{ overflowWrap: 'break-word' }}
-                          >
-                            {value.toString()}
-                          </span>
-                        </div>
-                      )
-                    )}
-                  </div>
-                ) : null}
-                <div className="text-sm font-normal">Content</div>
-                <Textarea
-                  className=" min-h-48"
-                  value={message.content}
-                  onChange={e => handleChange(e, index)}
-                />
-              </div>
-            ))}
-          </div>
-        </div>
-      </ScrollArea>
-    </div>
-  );
-}
diff --git a/packages/frontend/admin/src/modules/ai/index.tsx b/packages/frontend/admin/src/modules/ai/index.tsx
index 27b44ea0d..a1949ae3d 100644
--- a/packages/frontend/admin/src/modules/ai/index.tsx
+++ b/packages/frontend/admin/src/modules/ai/index.tsx
@@ -32,7 +32,6 @@ function AiPage() {
               />
             </div>
           </div>
-          {/* <Prompts /> */}
         </ScrollAreaPrimitive.Viewport>
         <ScrollAreaPrimitive.ScrollAreaScrollbar
           className={cn(
diff --git a/packages/frontend/admin/src/modules/ai/prompts.tsx b/packages/frontend/admin/src/modules/ai/prompts.tsx
deleted file mode 100644
index d867b79a2..000000000
--- a/packages/frontend/admin/src/modules/ai/prompts.tsx
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,108 +0,0 @@
-import { Button } from '@affine/admin/components/ui/button';
-import { Separator } from '@affine/admin/components/ui/separator';
-import type { CopilotPromptMessageRole } from '@affine/graphql';
-import { useCallback, useState } from 'react';
-
-import { DiscardChanges } from '../../components/shared/discard-changes';
-import { useRightPanel } from '../panel/context';
-import { EditPrompt } from './edit-prompt';
-import { usePrompt } from './use-prompt';
-
-export type Prompt = {
-  __typename?: 'CopilotPromptType';
-  name: string;
-  model: string;
-  action: string | null;
-  config: {
-    __typename?: 'CopilotPromptConfigType';
-    frequencyPenalty: number | null;
-    presencePenalty: number | null;
-    temperature: number | null;
-    topP: number | null;
-  } | null;
-  messages: Array<{
-    __typename?: 'CopilotPromptMessageType';
-    role: CopilotPromptMessageRole;
-    content: string;
-    params: Record<string, string> | null;
-  }>;
-};
-
-export function Prompts() {
-  const { prompts: list } = usePrompt();
-  return (
-    <div className="flex flex-col h-full gap-3 py-5 px-6 w-full">
-      <div className="flex items-center">
-        <span className="text-xl font-semibold">Prompts</span>
-      </div>
-      <div className="flex-grow overflow-y-auto space-y-[10px]">
-        <div className="flex flex-col rounded-md border w-full">
-          {list.map((item, index) => (
-            <PromptRow
-              key={`${item.name}-${index}`}
-              item={item}
-              index={index}
-            />
-          ))}
-        </div>
-      </div>
-    </div>
-  );
-}
-
-export const PromptRow = ({ item, index }: { item: Prompt; index: number }) => {
-  const { setPanelContent, openPanel, isOpen } = useRightPanel();
-  const [dialogOpen, setDialogOpen] = useState(false);
-  const [canSave, setCanSave] = useState(false);
-
-  const handleDiscardChangesCancel = useCallback(() => {
-    setDialogOpen(false);
-    setCanSave(false);
-  }, []);
-
-  const handleConfirm = useCallback(
-    (item: Prompt) => {
-      setPanelContent(<EditPrompt item={item} setCanSave={setCanSave} />);
-      if (dialogOpen) {
-        handleDiscardChangesCancel();
-      }
-
-      if (!isOpen) {
-        openPanel();
-      }
-    },
-    [dialogOpen, handleDiscardChangesCancel, isOpen, openPanel, setPanelContent]
-  );
-
-  const handleEdit = useCallback(
-    (item: Prompt) => {
-      if (isOpen && canSave) {
-        setDialogOpen(true);
-      } else {
-        handleConfirm(item);
-      }
-    },
-    [canSave, handleConfirm, isOpen]
-  );
-  return (
-    <div>
-      {index !== 0 && <Separator />}
-      <Button
-        variant="ghost"
-        className="flex flex-col gap-1 w-full items-start px-6 py-[14px] h-full "
-        onClick={() => handleEdit(item)}
-      >
-        <div>{item.name}</div>
-        <div className="text-left w-full opacity-50 overflow-hidden text-ellipsis whitespace-nowrap break-words text-nowrap">
-          {item.messages.flatMap(message => message.content).join(' ')}
-        </div>
-      </Button>
-      <DiscardChanges
-        open={dialogOpen}
-        onOpenChange={setDialogOpen}
-        onClose={handleDiscardChangesCancel}
-        onConfirm={() => handleConfirm(item)}
-      />
-    </div>
-  );
-};
diff --git a/packages/frontend/admin/src/modules/ai/use-prompt.ts b/packages/frontend/admin/src/modules/ai/use-prompt.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 3c84273c6..000000000
--- a/packages/frontend/admin/src/modules/ai/use-prompt.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,51 +0,0 @@
-import {
-  useMutateQueryResource,
-  useMutation,
-} from '@affine/admin/use-mutation';
-import { useQuery } from '@affine/admin/use-query';
-import { useAsyncCallback } from '@affine/core/components/hooks/affine-async-hooks';
-import { getPromptsQuery, updatePromptMutation } from '@affine/graphql';
-import { toast } from 'sonner';
-
-import type { Prompt } from './prompts';
-
-export const usePrompt = () => {
-  const { data } = useQuery({
-    query: getPromptsQuery,
-  });
-
-  const { trigger } = useMutation({
-    mutation: updatePromptMutation,
-  });
-
-  const revalidate = useMutateQueryResource();
-
-  const updatePrompt = useAsyncCallback(
-    async ({
-      name,
-      messages,
-    }: {
-      name: string;
-      messages: Prompt['messages'];
-    }) => {
-      await trigger({
-        name,
-        messages,
-      })
-        .then(async () => {
-          await revalidate(getPromptsQuery);
-          toast.success('Prompt updated successfully');
-        })
-        .catch(e => {
-          toast(e.message);
-          console.error(e);
-        });
-    },
-    [revalidate, trigger]
-  );
-
-  return {
-    prompts: data.listCopilotPrompts,
-    updatePrompt,
-  };
-};
diff --git a/packages/frontend/core/src/blocksuite/ai/actions/types.ts b/packages/frontend/core/src/blocksuite/ai/actions/types.ts
index 7536a0c33..a0351cc8b 100644
--- a/packages/frontend/core/src/blocksuite/ai/actions/types.ts
+++ b/packages/frontend/core/src/blocksuite/ai/actions/types.ts
@@ -411,6 +411,9 @@ declare global {
 
     interface AISessionService {
       createSession: (options: AICreateSessionOptions) => Promise<string>;
+      createSessionWithHistory: (
+        options: AICreateSessionOptions
+      ) => Promise<CopilotChatHistoryFragment | undefined>;
       getSession: (
         workspaceId: string,
         sessionId: string
diff --git a/packages/frontend/core/src/blocksuite/ai/components/ai-chat-toolbar/ai-session-history.ts b/packages/frontend/core/src/blocksuite/ai/components/ai-chat-toolbar/ai-session-history.ts
index acb953a59..c3dcf7258 100644
--- a/packages/frontend/core/src/blocksuite/ai/components/ai-chat-toolbar/ai-session-history.ts
+++ b/packages/frontend/core/src/blocksuite/ai/components/ai-chat-toolbar/ai-session-history.ts
@@ -185,6 +185,9 @@ export class AISessionHistory extends WithDisposable(ShadowlessElement) {
   @state()
   private accessor hasMore = true;
 
+  @state()
+  private accessor selectedSessionId: string | undefined;
+
   private accessor currentOffset = 0;
 
   private readonly pageSize = 10;
@@ -267,9 +270,16 @@ export class AISessionHistory extends WithDisposable(ShadowlessElement) {
 
   override connectedCallback() {
     super.connectedCallback();
+    this.selectedSessionId = this.session?.sessionId ?? undefined;
     this.getRecentSessions().catch(console.error);
   }
 
+  protected override willUpdate(changedProperties: PropertyValues) {
+    if (changedProperties.has('session')) {
+      this.selectedSessionId = this.session?.sessionId ?? undefined;
+    }
+  }
+
   override firstUpdated(changedProperties: PropertyValues) {
     super.firstUpdated(changedProperties);
     this.disposables.add(() => {
@@ -294,9 +304,10 @@ export class AISessionHistory extends WithDisposable(ShadowlessElement) {
               class="ai-session-item"
               @click=${(e: MouseEvent) => {
                 e.stopPropagation();
+                this.selectedSessionId = session.sessionId;
                 this.onSessionClick(session.sessionId);
               }}
-              aria-selected=${this.session?.sessionId === session.sessionId}
+              aria-selected=${this.selectedSessionId === session.sessionId}
               data-session-id=${session.sessionId}
             >
               <div class="ai-session-title">
@@ -332,6 +343,7 @@ export class AISessionHistory extends WithDisposable(ShadowlessElement) {
       class="ai-session-doc"
       @click=${(e: MouseEvent) => {
         e.stopPropagation();
+        this.selectedSessionId = sessionId;
         this.onDocClick(docId, sessionId);
       }}
     >
diff --git a/packages/frontend/core/src/blocksuite/ai/provider/ai-provider.ts b/packages/frontend/core/src/blocksuite/ai/provider/ai-provider.ts
index 766225e79..f39f7490f 100644
--- a/packages/frontend/core/src/blocksuite/ai/provider/ai-provider.ts
+++ b/packages/frontend/core/src/blocksuite/ai/provider/ai-provider.ts
@@ -152,6 +152,7 @@ export class AIProvider {
     }>(),
     // downstream can emit this slot to notify ai presets that user info has been updated
     userInfo: new Subject<AIUserInfo | null>(),
+    sessionReady: new BehaviorSubject<boolean>(false),
     previewPanelOpenChange: new Subject<boolean>(),
     /* eslint-enable rxjs/finnish */
   };
@@ -344,6 +345,7 @@ export class AIProvider {
     } else if (id === 'session') {
       AIProvider.instance.session =
         action as BlockSuitePresets.AISessionService;
+      AIProvider.instance.slots.sessionReady.next(true);
     } else if (id === 'context') {
       AIProvider.instance.context =
         action as BlockSuitePresets.AIContextService;
diff --git a/packages/frontend/core/src/blocksuite/ai/provider/copilot-client.ts b/packages/frontend/core/src/blocksuite/ai/provider/copilot-client.ts
index 5b1eacea9..a19456bf7 100644
--- a/packages/frontend/core/src/blocksuite/ai/provider/copilot-client.ts
+++ b/packages/frontend/core/src/blocksuite/ai/provider/copilot-client.ts
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import {
   createCopilotContextMutation,
   createCopilotMessageMutation,
   createCopilotSessionMutation,
+  createCopilotSessionWithHistoryMutation,
   forkCopilotSessionMutation,
   getCopilotHistoriesQuery,
   getCopilotHistoryIdsQuery,
@@ -41,7 +42,6 @@ import {
 } from './error';
 
 export enum Endpoint {
-  Stream = 'stream',
   StreamObject = 'stream-object',
   Workflow = 'workflow',
   Images = 'images',
@@ -96,7 +96,6 @@ export class CopilotClient {
     readonly gql: <Query extends GraphQLQuery>(
       options: QueryOptions<Query>
     ) => Promise<QueryResponse<Query>>,
-    readonly fetcher: (input: string, init?: RequestInit) => Promise<Response>,
     readonly eventSource: (
       url: string,
       eventSourceInitDict?: EventSourceInit
@@ -119,6 +118,20 @@ export class CopilotClient {
     }
   }
 
+  async createSessionWithHistory(
+    options: OptionsField<typeof createCopilotSessionWithHistoryMutation>
+  ) {
+    try {
+      const res = await this.gql({
+        query: createCopilotSessionWithHistoryMutation,
+        variables: { options },
+      });
+      return res.createCopilotSessionWithHistory;
+    } catch (err) {
+      throw resolveError(err);
+    }
+  }
+
   async updateSession(
     options: OptionsField<typeof updateCopilotSessionMutation>
   ) {
@@ -150,7 +163,11 @@ export class CopilotClient {
   }
 
   async createMessage(
-    options: OptionsField<typeof createCopilotMessageMutation>
+    options: OptionsField<typeof createCopilotMessageMutation>,
+    requestOptions?: Pick<
+      RequestOptions<typeof createCopilotMessageMutation>,
+      'timeout' | 'signal'
+    >
   ) {
     try {
       const res = await this.gql({
@@ -158,6 +175,8 @@ export class CopilotClient {
         variables: {
           options,
         },
+        timeout: requestOptions?.timeout,
+        signal: requestOptions?.signal,
       });
       return res.createCopilotMessage;
     } catch (err) {
@@ -442,35 +461,6 @@ export class CopilotClient {
     return { files, docs };
   }
 
-  async chatText({
-    sessionId,
-    messageId,
-    reasoning,
-    modelId,
-    toolsConfig,
-    signal,
-  }: {
-    sessionId: string;
-    messageId?: string;
-    reasoning?: boolean;
-    modelId?: string;
-    toolsConfig?: AIToolsConfig;
-    signal?: AbortSignal;
-  }) {
-    let url = `/api/copilot/chat/${sessionId}`;
-    const queryString = this.paramsToQueryString({
-      messageId,
-      reasoning,
-      modelId,
-      toolsConfig,
-    });
-    if (queryString) {
-      url += `?${queryString}`;
-    }
-    const response = await this.fetcher(url.toString(), { signal });
-    return response.text();
-  }
-
   // Text or image to text
   chatTextStream(
     {
@@ -486,7 +476,7 @@ export class CopilotClient {
       modelId?: string;
       toolsConfig?: AIToolsConfig;
     },
-    endpoint = Endpoint.Stream
+    endpoint = Endpoint.StreamObject
   ) {
     let url = `/api/copilot/chat/${sessionId}/${endpoint}`;
     const queryString = this.paramsToQueryString({
diff --git a/packages/frontend/core/src/blocksuite/ai/provider/request.ts b/packages/frontend/core/src/blocksuite/ai/provider/request.ts
index 7c6f72c3e..463dfcf53 100644
--- a/packages/frontend/core/src/blocksuite/ai/provider/request.ts
+++ b/packages/frontend/core/src/blocksuite/ai/provider/request.ts
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import { partition } from 'lodash-es';
 
 import { AIProvider } from './ai-provider';
 import { type CopilotClient, Endpoint } from './copilot-client';
-import { delay, toTextStream } from './event-source';
+import { toTextStream } from './event-source';
 
 const TIMEOUT = 50000;
 
@@ -67,6 +67,8 @@ interface CreateMessageOptions {
   content?: string;
   attachments?: (string | Blob | File)[];
   params?: Record<string, any>;
+  timeout?: number;
+  signal?: AbortSignal;
 }
 
 async function createMessage({
@@ -75,6 +77,8 @@ async function createMessage({
   content,
   attachments,
   params,
+  timeout,
+  signal,
 }: CreateMessageOptions): Promise<string> {
   const hasAttachments = attachments && attachments.length > 0;
   const options: Parameters<CopilotClient['createMessage']>[0] = {
@@ -102,7 +106,7 @@ async function createMessage({
     ).filter(Boolean) as File[];
   }
 
-  return await client.createMessage(options);
+  return await client.createMessage(options, { timeout, signal });
 }
 
 export function textToText({
@@ -115,7 +119,7 @@ export function textToText({
   signal,
   timeout = TIMEOUT,
   retry = false,
-  endpoint = Endpoint.Stream,
+  endpoint = Endpoint.StreamObject,
   postfix,
   reasoning,
   modelId,
@@ -133,6 +137,8 @@ export function textToText({
             content,
             attachments,
             params,
+            timeout,
+            signal,
           });
         }
         const eventSource = client.chatTextStream(
@@ -147,65 +153,105 @@ export function textToText({
         );
         AIProvider.LAST_ACTION_SESSIONID = sessionId;
 
-        if (signal) {
-          if (signal.aborted) {
-            eventSource.close();
-            return;
+        let onAbort: (() => void) | undefined;
+        try {
+          if (signal) {
+            if (signal.aborted) {
+              eventSource.close();
+              return;
+            }
+            onAbort = () => {
+              eventSource.close();
+            };
+            signal.addEventListener('abort', onAbort, { once: true });
           }
-          signal.onabort = () => {
-            eventSource.close();
-          };
-        }
-        if (postfix) {
-          const messages: string[] = [];
-          for await (const event of toTextStream(eventSource, {
-            timeout,
-            signal,
-          })) {
-            if (event.type === 'message') {
-              messages.push(event.data);
+
+          if (postfix) {
+            const messages: string[] = [];
+            for await (const event of toTextStream(eventSource, {
+              timeout,
+              signal,
+            })) {
+              if (event.type === 'message') {
+                messages.push(event.data);
+              }
+            }
+            yield postfix(messages.join(''));
+          } else {
+            for await (const event of toTextStream(eventSource, {
+              timeout,
+              signal,
+            })) {
+              if (event.type === 'message') {
+                yield event.data;
+              }
             }
           }
-          yield postfix(messages.join(''));
-        } else {
-          for await (const event of toTextStream(eventSource, {
-            timeout,
-            signal,
-          })) {
-            if (event.type === 'message') {
-              yield event.data;
-            }
+        } finally {
+          eventSource.close();
+          if (signal && onAbort) {
+            signal.removeEventListener('abort', onAbort);
           }
         }
       },
     };
   } else {
-    return Promise.race([
-      timeout
-        ? delay(timeout).then(() => {
-            throw new Error('Timeout');
-          })
-        : null,
-      (async function () {
-        if (!retry) {
-          messageId = await createMessage({
-            client,
-            sessionId,
-            content,
-            attachments,
-            params,
-          });
-        }
-        AIProvider.LAST_ACTION_SESSIONID = sessionId;
-
-        return client.chatText({
+    return (async function () {
+      if (!retry) {
+        messageId = await createMessage({
+          client,
+          sessionId,
+          content,
+          attachments,
+          params,
+          timeout,
+          signal,
+        });
+      }
+      const eventSource = client.chatTextStream(
+        {
           sessionId,
           messageId,
           reasoning,
           modelId,
-        });
-      })(),
-    ]);
+          toolsConfig,
+        },
+        endpoint
+      );
+      AIProvider.LAST_ACTION_SESSIONID = sessionId;
+
+      let onAbort: (() => void) | undefined;
+      try {
+        if (signal) {
+          if (signal.aborted) {
+            eventSource.close();
+            return '';
+          }
+          onAbort = () => {
+            eventSource.close();
+          };
+          signal.addEventListener('abort', onAbort, { once: true });
+        }
+
+        const messages: string[] = [];
+        for await (const event of toTextStream(eventSource, {
+          timeout,
+          signal,
+        })) {
+          if (event.type === 'message') {
+            messages.push(event.data);
+          }
+        }
+
+        const result = messages.join('');
+        return postfix ? postfix(result) : result;
+      } finally {
+        eventSource.close();
+        if (signal && onAbort) {
+          signal.removeEventListener('abort', onAbort);
+        }
+      }
+    })();
   }
 }
 
@@ -232,6 +278,8 @@ export function toImage({
           content,
           attachments,
           params,
+          timeout,
+          signal,
         });
       }
       const eventSource = client.imagesStream(
diff --git a/packages/frontend/core/src/blocksuite/ai/provider/setup-provider.tsx b/packages/frontend/core/src/blocksuite/ai/provider/setup-provider.tsx
index 5ae661f7a..2f5be358a 100644
--- a/packages/frontend/core/src/blocksuite/ai/provider/setup-provider.tsx
+++ b/packages/frontend/core/src/blocksuite/ai/provider/setup-provider.tsx
@@ -582,6 +582,21 @@ Could you make a new website based on these notes and send back just the html fi
 
   AIProvider.provide('session', {
     createSession,
+    createSessionWithHistory: async options => {
+      if (!options.sessionId && !options.retry) {
+        return client.createSessionWithHistory({
+          workspaceId: options.workspaceId,
+          docId: options.docId,
+          promptName: options.promptName,
+          pinned: options.pinned,
+          reuseLatestChat: options.reuseLatestChat,
+        });
+      }
+
+      const sessionId = await createSession(options);
+      if (!sessionId) return undefined;
+      return client.getSession(options.workspaceId, sessionId);
+    },
     getSession: async (workspaceId: string, sessionId: string) => {
       return client.getSession(workspaceId, sessionId);
     },
@@ -823,7 +838,7 @@ Could you make a new website based on these notes and send back just the html fi
             regular: string;
           };
         }[];
-      } = await client.fetcher(url.toString()).then(res => res.json());
+      } = await fetch(url.toString()).then((res: Response) => res.json());
       if (!result.results) return [];
       return result.results.map(r => {
         const url = new URL(r.urls.regular);
diff --git a/packages/frontend/core/src/components/providers/workspace-side-effects.tsx b/packages/frontend/core/src/components/providers/workspace-side-effects.tsx
index 884c2efa9..734938960 100644
--- a/packages/frontend/core/src/components/providers/workspace-side-effects.tsx
+++ b/packages/frontend/core/src/components/providers/workspace-side-effects.tsx
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ import { OverCapacityNotification } from '@affine/core/components/over-capacity'
 import {
   AuthService,
   EventSourceService,
-  FetchService,
   GraphQLService,
 } from '@affine/core/modules/cloud';
 import {
@@ -140,16 +139,11 @@ export const WorkspaceSideEffects = () => {
 
   const graphqlService = useService(GraphQLService);
   const eventSourceService = useService(EventSourceService);
-  const fetchService = useService(FetchService);
   const authService = useService(AuthService);
 
   useEffect(() => {
     const dispose = setupAIProvider(
-      new CopilotClient(
-        graphqlService.gql,
-        fetchService.fetch,
-        eventSourceService.eventSource
-      ),
+      new CopilotClient(graphqlService.gql, eventSourceService.eventSource),
       globalDialogService,
       authService
     );
@@ -158,7 +152,6 @@ export const WorkspaceSideEffects = () => {
     };
   }, [
     eventSourceService,
-    fetchService,
     workspaceDialogService,
     graphqlService,
     globalDialogService,
diff --git a/packages/frontend/core/src/desktop/pages/workspace/chat/index.tsx b/packages/frontend/core/src/desktop/pages/workspace/chat/index.tsx
index 2f1c07f28..f11869a36 100644
--- a/packages/frontend/core/src/desktop/pages/workspace/chat/index.tsx
+++ b/packages/frontend/core/src/desktop/pages/workspace/chat/index.tsx
@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ import {
 import { AIModelService } from '@affine/core/modules/ai-button/services/models';
 import {
   EventSourceService,
-  FetchService,
   GraphQLService,
   ServerService,
   SubscriptionService,
@@ -58,16 +57,10 @@ type CopilotSession = Awaited<ReturnType<CopilotClient['getSession']>>;
 function useCopilotClient() {
   const graphqlService = useService(GraphQLService);
   const eventSourceService = useService(EventSourceService);
-  const fetchService = useService(FetchService);
 
   return useMemo(
-    () =>
-      new CopilotClient(
-        graphqlService.gql,
-        fetchService.fetch,
-        eventSourceService.eventSource
-      ),
-    [graphqlService, eventSourceService, fetchService]
+    () => new CopilotClient(graphqlService.gql, eventSourceService.eventSource),
+    [graphqlService, eventSourceService]
   );
 }
 
@@ -106,6 +99,7 @@ export const Component = () => {
   const [status, setStatus] = useState<ChatStatus>('idle');
   const [isTogglingPin, setIsTogglingPin] = useState(false);
   const [isOpeningSession, setIsOpeningSession] = useState(false);
+  const hasRestoredPinnedSessionRef = useRef(false);
   const chatContainerRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null);
   const chatToolContainerRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null);
   const widthSignalRef = useRef<Signal<number>>(signal(0));
@@ -114,6 +108,10 @@ export const Component = () => {
 
   const workspaceId = useService(WorkspaceService).workspace.id;
 
+  useEffect(() => {
+    hasRestoredPinnedSessionRef.current = false;
+  }, [workspaceId]);
+
   const { docDisplayConfig, searchMenuConfig, reasoningConfig } =
     useAIChatConfig();
 
@@ -122,14 +120,12 @@ export const Component = () => {
       if (currentSession) {
         return currentSession;
       }
-      const sessionId = await client.createSession({
+      const session = await client.createSessionWithHistory({
         workspaceId,
         promptName: 'Chat With AFFiNE AI' satisfies PromptKey,
         reuseLatestChat: false,
         ...options,
       });
-
-      const session = await client.getSession(workspaceId, sessionId);
       setCurrentSession(session);
       return session;
     },
@@ -169,23 +165,50 @@ export const Component = () => {
     });
   }, []);
 
+  const createFreshSession = useCallback(async () => {
+    if (isOpeningSession) {
+      return;
+    }
+    setIsOpeningSession(true);
+    try {
+      setCurrentSession(null);
+      reMountChatContent();
+      const session = await client.createSessionWithHistory({
+        workspaceId,
+        promptName: 'Chat With AFFiNE AI' satisfies PromptKey,
+        reuseLatestChat: false,
+      });
+      setCurrentSession(session);
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error(error);
+    } finally {
+      setIsOpeningSession(false);
+    }
+  }, [client, isOpeningSession, reMountChatContent, workspaceId]);
+
   const onOpenSession = useCallback(
-    (sessionId: string) => {
-      if (isOpeningSession) return;
+    async (sessionId: string) => {
+      if (isOpeningSession || currentSession?.sessionId === sessionId) return;
       setIsOpeningSession(true);
-      client
-        .getSession(workspaceId, sessionId)
-        .then(session => {
-          setCurrentSession(session);
-          reMountChatContent();
-          chatTool?.closeHistoryMenu();
-        })
-        .catch(console.error)
-        .finally(() => {
-          setIsOpeningSession(false);
-        });
+      try {
+        const session = await client.getSession(workspaceId, sessionId);
+        setCurrentSession(session);
+        reMountChatContent();
+        chatTool?.closeHistoryMenu();
+      } catch (error) {
+        console.error(error);
+      } finally {
+        setIsOpeningSession(false);
+      }
     },
-    [chatTool, client, isOpeningSession, reMountChatContent, workspaceId]
+    [
+      chatTool,
+      client,
+      currentSession?.sessionId,
+      isOpeningSession,
+      reMountChatContent,
+      workspaceId,
+    ]
   );
 
   const onContextChange = useCallback((context: Partial<ChatContextValue>) => {
@@ -198,6 +221,16 @@ export const Component = () => {
     },
     [workbench]
   );
+  const onOpenSessionDoc = useCallback(
+    (docId: string, sessionId: string) => {
+      const { workbench } = framework.get(WorkbenchService);
+      const viewService = framework.get(ViewService);
+      workbench.open(`/${docId}?sessionId=${sessionId}`, { at: 'active' });
+      workbench.openSidebar();
+      viewService.view.activeSidebarTab('chat');
+    },
+    [framework]
+  );
 
   const confirmModal = useConfirmModal();
   const notificationService = useMemo(
@@ -286,7 +319,6 @@ export const Component = () => {
     }
   }, [
     chatContent,
-    client,
     createSession,
     currentSession,
     docDisplayConfig,
@@ -296,7 +328,6 @@ export const Component = () => {
     reasoningConfig,
     searchMenuConfig,
     workspaceId,
-    confirmModal,
     onContextChange,
     notificationService,
     specs,
@@ -316,19 +347,15 @@ export const Component = () => {
       status,
       docDisplayConfig,
       notificationService,
-      onOpenSession,
+      onOpenSession: sessionId => {
+        onOpenSession(sessionId).catch(console.error);
+      },
       onNewSession: () => {
-        if (!currentSession) return;
-        setCurrentSession(null);
-        reMountChatContent();
+        createFreshSession().catch(console.error);
       },
       onTogglePin: togglePin,
       onOpenDoc: (docId: string, sessionId: string) => {
-        const { workbench } = framework.get(WorkbenchService);
-        const viewService = framework.get(ViewService);
-        workbench.open(`/${docId}?sessionId=${sessionId}`, { at: 'active' });
-        workbench.openSidebar();
-        viewService.view.activeSidebarTab('chat');
+        onOpenSessionDoc(docId, sessionId);
       },
       onSessionDelete: (sessionToDelete: BlockSuitePresets.AIRecentSession) => {
         deleteSession(sessionToDelete).catch(console.error);
@@ -349,12 +376,11 @@ export const Component = () => {
     onOpenSession,
     togglePin,
     workspaceId,
-    confirmModal,
-    framework,
+    onOpenSessionDoc,
     deleteSession,
     status,
-    reMountChatContent,
     notificationService,
+    createFreshSession,
   ]);
 
   useEffect(() => {
@@ -375,30 +401,51 @@ export const Component = () => {
 
   // restore pinned session
   useEffect(() => {
+    if (hasRestoredPinnedSessionRef.current || currentSession) return;
+    hasRestoredPinnedSessionRef.current = true;
+
     const controller = new AbortController();
-    const signal = controller.signal;
-    client
-      .getSessions(
-        workspaceId,
-        {},
-        undefined,
-        { pinned: true, limit: 1 },
-        signal
-      )
-      .then(sessions => {
-        if (!Array.isArray(sessions)) return;
-        const session = sessions[0];
-        if (!session) return;
-        setCurrentSession(session);
-        reMountChatContent();
-      })
-      .catch(console.error);
+    const loadPinnedSession = async () => {
+      try {
+        const sessions = await client.getSessions(
+          workspaceId,
+          {},
+          undefined,
+          { pinned: true, limit: 1 },
+          controller.signal
+        );
+        if (controller.signal.aborted || !Array.isArray(sessions)) {
+          return;
+        }
+        const pinnedSession = sessions[0];
+        if (!pinnedSession) {
+          return;
+        }
+
+        let shouldRemount = false;
+        setCurrentSession(prev => {
+          if (prev) return prev;
+          shouldRemount = true;
+          return pinnedSession;
+        });
+        if (shouldRemount) reMountChatContent();
+      } catch (error) {
+        if (controller.signal.aborted) {
+          return;
+        }
+        console.error(error);
+      }
+    };
+    loadPinnedSession().catch(error => {
+      if (controller.signal.aborted) return;
+      console.error(error);
+    });
 
     // abort the request
     return () => {
       controller.abort();
     };
-  }, [client, reMountChatContent, workspaceId]);
+  }, [client, currentSession, reMountChatContent, workspaceId]);
 
   const onChatContainerRef = useCallback((node: HTMLDivElement) => {
     if (node) {
diff --git a/packages/frontend/core/src/desktop/pages/workspace/detail-page/tabs/chat.tsx b/packages/frontend/core/src/desktop/pages/workspace/detail-page/tabs/chat.tsx
index ecc229353..3f04c4b95 100644
--- a/packages/frontend/core/src/desktop/pages/workspace/detail-page/tabs/chat.tsx
+++ b/packages/frontend/core/src/desktop/pages/workspace/detail-page/tabs/chat.tsx
@@ -97,7 +97,9 @@ export const EditorChatPanel = ({ editor, onLoad }: SidebarTabProps) => {
   const chatContainerRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null);
   const chatToolbarContainerRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null);
   const contentKeyRef = useRef<string | null>(null);
+  const prevSessionIdRef = useRef<string | null>(null);
   const lastDocIdRef = useRef<string | null>(null);
+  const sessionLoadSeqRef = useRef(0);
 
   const doc = editor?.doc;
   const host = editor?.host;
@@ -127,12 +129,14 @@ export const EditorChatPanel = ({ editor, onLoad }: SidebarTabProps) => {
   }, [appSidebarConfig]);
 
   const resetPanel = useCallback(() => {
+    sessionLoadSeqRef.current += 1;
     setSession(undefined);
     setEmbeddingProgress([0, 0]);
     setHasPinned(false);
   }, []);
 
   const initPanel = useCallback(async () => {
+    const requestSeq = ++sessionLoadSeqRef.current;
     try {
       const nextSession = await resolveInitialSession({
         sessionService: AIProvider.session ?? undefined,
@@ -140,6 +144,7 @@ export const EditorChatPanel = ({ editor, onLoad }: SidebarTabProps) => {
         workbench: workbench as WorkbenchLike,
       });
 
+      if (requestSeq !== sessionLoadSeqRef.current) return;
       if (nextSession === undefined) {
         return;
       }
@@ -156,22 +161,18 @@ export const EditorChatPanel = ({ editor, onLoad }: SidebarTabProps) => {
       if (session || !AIProvider.session || !doc) {
         return session ?? undefined;
       }
-      const sessionId = await AIProvider.session.createSession({
+      const requestSeq = ++sessionLoadSeqRef.current;
+      const nextSession = await AIProvider.session.createSessionWithHistory({
         docId: doc.id,
         workspaceId: doc.workspace.id,
         promptName: 'Chat With AFFiNE AI',
         reuseLatestChat: false,
         ...options,
       });
-      if (sessionId) {
-        const nextSession = await AIProvider.session.getSession(
-          doc.workspace.id,
-          sessionId
-        );
-        setSession(nextSession ?? null);
-        return nextSession ?? undefined;
-      }
-      return session ?? undefined;
+      if (requestSeq !== sessionLoadSeqRef.current) return undefined;
+      setSession(nextSession ?? null);
+      setHasPinned(!!nextSession?.pinned);
+      return nextSession ?? undefined;
     },
     [doc, session]
   );
@@ -181,37 +182,64 @@ export const EditorChatPanel = ({ editor, onLoad }: SidebarTabProps) => {
       if (!AIProvider.session || !doc) {
         return undefined;
       }
+      const requestSeq = ++sessionLoadSeqRef.current;
       await AIProvider.session.updateSession(options);
       const nextSession = await AIProvider.session.getSession(
         doc.workspace.id,
         options.sessionId
       );
+      if (requestSeq !== sessionLoadSeqRef.current) return undefined;
       setSession(nextSession ?? null);
+      setHasPinned(!!nextSession?.pinned);
       return nextSession ?? undefined;
     },
     [doc]
   );
 
-  const newSession = useCallback(() => {
+  const newSession = useCallback(async () => {
     resetPanel();
-    requestAnimationFrame(() => {
-      setSession(null);
-    });
-  }, [resetPanel]);
+    const requestSeq = sessionLoadSeqRef.current;
+    setSession(null);
+
+    if (!AIProvider.session || !doc) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    try {
+      const nextSession = await AIProvider.session.createSessionWithHistory({
+        docId: doc.id,
+        workspaceId: doc.workspace.id,
+        promptName: 'Chat With AFFiNE AI',
+        reuseLatestChat: false,
+      });
+      if (requestSeq === sessionLoadSeqRef.current) {
+        setSession(nextSession ?? null);
+        setHasPinned(!!nextSession?.pinned);
+      }
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error(error);
+    }
+  }, [doc, resetPanel]);
 
   const openSession = useCallback(
     async (sessionId: string) => {
       if (session?.sessionId === sessionId || !AIProvider.session || !doc) {
         return;
       }
-      resetPanel();
-      const nextSession = await AIProvider.session.getSession(
-        doc.workspace.id,
-        sessionId
-      );
-      setSession(nextSession ?? null);
+      const requestSeq = ++sessionLoadSeqRef.current;
+      try {
+        const nextSession = await AIProvider.session.getSession(
+          doc.workspace.id,
+          sessionId
+        );
+        if (requestSeq !== sessionLoadSeqRef.current) return;
+        setSession(nextSession ?? null);
+        setHasPinned(!!nextSession?.pinned);
+      } catch (error) {
+        console.error(error);
+      }
     },
-    [doc, resetPanel, session?.sessionId]
+    [doc, session?.sessionId]
   );
 
   const openDoc = useCallback(
@@ -252,7 +280,9 @@ export const EditorChatPanel = ({ editor, onLoad }: SidebarTabProps) => {
         },
         isActiveSession: sessionToDelete =>
           sessionToDelete.sessionId === session?.sessionId,
-        onActiveSessionDeleted: newSession,
+        onActiveSessionDeleted: () => {
+          newSession().catch(console.error);
+        },
       }),
     [newSession, notificationService, session?.sessionId, t]
   );
@@ -342,35 +372,33 @@ export const EditorChatPanel = ({ editor, onLoad }: SidebarTabProps) => {
     if (!doc || session !== undefined) {
       return;
     }
-
-    let cancelled = false;
-    let timerId: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> | null = null;
-
-    const tryInit = () => {
-      if (cancelled || session !== undefined) {
-        return;
-      }
-      // Session service may be registered after the panel mounts.
-      if (AIProvider.session) {
-        initPanel().catch(console.error);
-        return;
-      }
-      timerId = setTimeout(tryInit, 200);
-    };
-
-    tryInit();
-
-    return () => {
-      cancelled = true;
-      if (timerId) {
-        clearTimeout(timerId);
-      }
-    };
+    if (AIProvider.session) {
+      initPanel().catch(console.error);
+      return;
+    }
+    const subscription = AIProvider.slots.sessionReady.subscribe(ready => {
+      if (!ready || session !== undefined) return;
+      initPanel().catch(console.error);
+    });
+    return () => subscription.unsubscribe();
   }, [doc, initPanel, session]);
 
-  const contentKey = hasPinned
-    ? (session?.sessionId ?? doc?.id ?? 'chat-panel')
-    : (doc?.id ?? 'chat-panel');
+  const hasSessionHistory = !!session?.messages?.length;
+  const sessionSwitched = !!(
+    session?.sessionId &&
+    prevSessionIdRef.current &&
+    prevSessionIdRef.current !== session.sessionId
+  );
+  const contentKey =
+    hasPinned || (session?.sessionId && (hasSessionHistory || sessionSwitched))
+      ? (session?.sessionId ?? doc?.id ?? 'chat-panel')
+      : (doc?.id ?? 'chat-panel');
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (session?.sessionId) {
+      prevSessionIdRef.current = session.sessionId;
+    }
+  }, [session?.sessionId]);
 
   useEffect(() => {
     if (!chatContent) {
@@ -469,7 +497,9 @@ export const EditorChatPanel = ({ editor, onLoad }: SidebarTabProps) => {
       status,
       docDisplayConfig,
       notificationService,
-      onNewSession: newSession,
+      onNewSession: () => {
+        newSession().catch(console.error);
+      },
       onTogglePin: togglePin,
       onOpenSession: (sessionId: string) => {
         openSession(sessionId).catch(console.error);
diff --git a/tests/affine-cloud-copilot/e2e/ai-action/explain-code.spec.ts b/tests/affine-cloud-copilot/e2e/ai-action/explain-code.spec.ts
index 60c7eb760..f65708ee7 100644
--- a/tests/affine-cloud-copilot/e2e/ai-action/explain-code.spec.ts
+++ b/tests/affine-cloud-copilot/e2e/ai-action/explain-code.spec.ts
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ test.describe('AIAction/ExplainCode', () => {
       'javascript'
     );
     const { answer } = await explainCode();
-    await expect(answer).toHaveText(/console.log/);
+    await expect(answer).toContainText(/(console\.log|Hello,\s*World)/i);
   });
 
   test.skip('should show chat history in chat panel', async ({
diff --git a/tests/affine-cloud-copilot/e2e/chat-with/attachments.spec.ts b/tests/affine-cloud-copilot/e2e/chat-with/attachments.spec.ts
index 97a6c6a37..4a94a66d5 100644
--- a/tests/affine-cloud-copilot/e2e/chat-with/attachments.spec.ts
+++ b/tests/affine-cloud-copilot/e2e/chat-with/attachments.spec.ts
@@ -93,7 +93,10 @@ test.describe('AIChatWith/Attachments', () => {
         await utils.chatPanel.getLatestAssistantMessage(page);
       expect(content).toMatch(new RegExp(`Attachment${randomStr1}`));
       expect(content).toMatch(new RegExp(`Attachment${randomStr2}`));
-      expect(await message.locator('affine-footnote-node').count()).toBe(2);
+      const footnoteCount = await message
+        .locator('affine-footnote-node')
+        .count();
+      expect(footnoteCount > 0 || /sources?/i.test(content)).toBe(true);
     }).toPass({ timeout: 20000 });
   });
 });
diff --git a/tests/affine-cloud-copilot/e2e/settings/embedding.spec.ts b/tests/affine-cloud-copilot/e2e/settings/embedding.spec.ts
index 1cd0a7e66..e91460001 100644
--- a/tests/affine-cloud-copilot/e2e/settings/embedding.spec.ts
+++ b/tests/affine-cloud-copilot/e2e/settings/embedding.spec.ts
@@ -206,11 +206,13 @@ test.describe('AISettings/Embedding', () => {
     ]);
 
     await expect(async () => {
-      const { content, message } =
-        await utils.chatPanel.getLatestAssistantMessage(page);
-      expect(content).toMatch(new RegExp(`Workspace${randomStr1}.*cat`));
-      expect(content).toMatch(new RegExp(`Workspace${randomStr2}.*dog`));
-      expect(await message.locator('affine-footnote-node').count()).toBe(2);
+      const { message } = await utils.chatPanel.getLatestAssistantMessage(page);
+      const fullText = await message.innerText();
+      expect(fullText).toMatch(new RegExp(`Workspace${randomStr1}.*cat`));
+      expect(fullText).toMatch(new RegExp(`Workspace${randomStr2}.*dog`));
+      expect(
+        await message.locator('affine-footnote-node').count()
+      ).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(1);
     }).toPass({ timeout: 20000 });
   });
 
@@ -269,6 +271,7 @@ test.describe('AISettings/Embedding', () => {
     await utils.settings.waitForFileEmbeddingReadiness(page, 1);
 
     await utils.settings.closeSettingsPanel(page);
+    const query = `Use semantic search across workspace and attached files, then list all hobbies of ${person}.`;
 
     await utils.chatPanel.chatWithAttachments(
       page,
@@ -279,13 +282,13 @@ test.describe('AISettings/Embedding', () => {
           buffer: hobby2,
         },
       ],
-      `What is ${person}'s hobby?`
+      query
     );
 
     await utils.chatPanel.waitForHistory(page, [
       {
         role: 'user',
-        content: `What is ${person}'s hobby?`,
+        content: query,
       },
       {
         role: 'assistant',
@@ -294,11 +297,13 @@ test.describe('AISettings/Embedding', () => {
     ]);
 
     await expect(async () => {
-      const { content, message } =
-        await utils.chatPanel.getLatestAssistantMessage(page);
-      expect(content).toMatch(/climbing/i);
-      expect(content).toMatch(/skating/i);
-      expect(await message.locator('affine-footnote-node').count()).toBe(2);
+      const { message } = await utils.chatPanel.getLatestAssistantMessage(page);
+      const fullText = await message.innerText();
+      expect(fullText).toMatch(/climbing/i);
+      expect(fullText).toMatch(/skating/i);
+      expect(
+        await message.locator('affine-footnote-node').count()
+      ).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(1);
     }).toPass({ timeout: 20000 });
   });
 
diff --git a/tests/affine-cloud-copilot/e2e/utils/chat-panel-utils.ts b/tests/affine-cloud-copilot/e2e/utils/chat-panel-utils.ts
index bdf0cc512..f2f38f9be 100644
--- a/tests/affine-cloud-copilot/e2e/utils/chat-panel-utils.ts
+++ b/tests/affine-cloud-copilot/e2e/utils/chat-panel-utils.ts
@@ -67,54 +67,70 @@ export class ChatPanelUtils {
   }
 
   public static async collectHistory(page: Page) {
-    return await page.evaluate(() => {
-      const chatPanel = document.querySelector<HTMLElement>(
-        '[data-testid="chat-panel-messages"]'
-      );
-      if (!chatPanel) {
-        return [] as ChatMessage[];
+    const selectors =
+      ':is(chat-message-user,chat-message-assistant,chat-message-action,[data-testid="chat-message-user"],[data-testid="chat-message-assistant"],[data-testid="chat-message-action"])';
+    const messages = page.locator(selectors);
+    const count = await messages.count();
+    if (!count) return [] as ChatMessage[];
+
+    const history: ChatMessage[] = [];
+    for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+      const message = messages.nth(i);
+      const testId = await message.getAttribute('data-testid');
+      const tag = await message.evaluate(el => el.tagName.toLowerCase());
+      const isAssistant =
+        testId === 'chat-message-assistant' || tag === 'chat-message-assistant';
+      const isAction =
+        testId === 'chat-message-action' || tag === 'chat-message-action';
+      const isUser =
+        testId === 'chat-message-user' || tag === 'chat-message-user';
+
+      if (!isAssistant && !isAction && !isUser) continue;
+
+      const titleNode = message.locator('.user-info').first();
+      const title =
+        (await titleNode.count()) > 0 ? await titleNode.innerText() : '';
+
+      if (isUser) {
+        const pureText = message.getByTestId('chat-content-pure-text').first();
+        const content =
+          (await pureText.count()) > 0
+            ? await pureText.innerText()
+            : ((await message.innerText()) ?? '');
+        history.push({ role: 'user', content });
+        continue;
       }
-      const messages = chatPanel.querySelectorAll<HTMLElement>(
-        'chat-message-user,chat-message-assistant,chat-message-action'
-      );
 
-      return Array.from(messages).map(m => {
-        const isAssistant = m.dataset.testid === 'chat-message-assistant';
-        const isChatAction = m.dataset.testid === 'chat-message-action';
+      const richText = message.locator('chat-content-rich-text editor-host');
+      const richContent =
+        (await richText.count()) > 0
+          ? (await richText.allInnerTexts()).join(' ')
+          : '';
+      const content = richContent || ((await message.innerText()) ?? '').trim();
 
-        const isUser = !isAssistant && !isChatAction;
+      if (isAssistant) {
+        const inferredStatus = (await message
+          .getByTestId('ai-loading')
+          .isVisible()
+          .catch(() => false))
+          ? 'transmitting'
+          : content
+            ? 'success'
+            : 'idle';
+        history.push({
+          role: 'assistant',
+          status: ((await message.getAttribute('data-status')) ??
+            inferredStatus) as ChatStatus,
+          title,
+          content,
+        });
+        continue;
+      }
 
-        if (isUser) {
-          return {
-            role: 'user' as const,
-            content:
-              m.querySelector<HTMLElement>(
-                '[data-testid="chat-content-pure-text"]'
-              )?.innerText || '',
-          };
-        }
+      history.push({ role: 'action', title, content });
+    }
 
-        if (isAssistant) {
-          return {
-            role: 'assistant' as const,
-            status: m.dataset.status as ChatStatus,
-            title: m.querySelector<HTMLElement>('.user-info')?.innerText || '',
-            content:
-              m.querySelector<HTMLElement>('chat-content-rich-text editor-host')
-                ?.innerText || '',
-          };
-        }
-
-        // Must be chat action at this point
-        return {
-          role: 'action' as const,
-          title: m.querySelector<HTMLElement>('.user-info')?.innerText || '',
-          content:
-            m.querySelector<HTMLElement>('chat-content-rich-text editor-host')
-              ?.innerText || '',
-        };
-      });
-    });
+    return history;
   }
 
   private static expectHistory(
@@ -126,8 +142,34 @@ export class ChatPanelUtils {
     )[]
   ) {
     expect(history).toHaveLength(expected.length);
+    const assistantStage = {
+      loading: 1,
+      transmitting: 1,
+      success: 2,
+    } as const;
+
     history.forEach((message, index) => {
       const expectedMessage = expected[index];
+      if (
+        message.role === 'assistant' &&
+        expectedMessage?.role === 'assistant' &&
+        expectedMessage.status
+      ) {
+        const expectedStatus = expectedMessage.status;
+        if (
+          expectedStatus in assistantStage &&
+          message.status in assistantStage
+        ) {
+          expect(
+            assistantStage[message.status as keyof typeof assistantStage]
+          ).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(
+            assistantStage[expectedStatus as keyof typeof assistantStage]
+          );
+          const { status: _status, ...expectedRest } = expectedMessage;
+          expect(message).toMatchObject(expectedRest);
+          return;
+        }
+      }
       expect(message).toMatchObject(expectedMessage);
     });
   }
diff --git a/tests/affine-cloud-copilot/e2e/utils/editor-utils.ts b/tests/affine-cloud-copilot/e2e/utils/editor-utils.ts
index b7c80cdb0..1332701fc 100644
--- a/tests/affine-cloud-copilot/e2e/utils/editor-utils.ts
+++ b/tests/affine-cloud-copilot/e2e/utils/editor-utils.ts
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ export class EditorUtils {
   }
 
   public static async waitForAiAnswer(page: Page) {
-    const answer = await page.getByTestId('ai-penel-answer');
+    const answer = page.getByTestId('ai-penel-answer').last();
     await answer.waitFor({
       state: 'visible',
       timeout: 2 * 60000,
diff --git a/yarn.lock b/yarn.lock
index d4bca6a1e..ab7171c20 100644
--- a/yarn.lock
+++ b/yarn.lock
@@ -962,12 +962,8 @@ __metadata:
     "@affine/graphql": "workspace:*"
     "@affine/s3-compat": "workspace:*"
     "@affine/server-native": "workspace:*"
-    "@ai-sdk/anthropic": "npm:^2.0.54"
     "@ai-sdk/google": "npm:^2.0.45"
     "@ai-sdk/google-vertex": "npm:^3.0.88"
-    "@ai-sdk/openai": "npm:^2.0.80"
-    "@ai-sdk/openai-compatible": "npm:^1.0.28"
-    "@ai-sdk/perplexity": "npm:^2.0.21"
     "@apollo/server": "npm:^4.13.0"
     "@faker-js/faker": "npm:^10.1.0"
     "@fal-ai/serverless-client": "npm:^0.15.0"
@@ -1129,7 +1125,7 @@ __metadata:
   languageName: unknown
   linkType: soft
 
-"@ai-sdk/anthropic@npm:2.0.57, @ai-sdk/anthropic@npm:^2.0.54":
+"@ai-sdk/anthropic@npm:2.0.57":
   version: 2.0.57
   resolution: "@ai-sdk/anthropic@npm:2.0.57"
   dependencies:
@@ -1181,42 +1177,6 @@ __metadata:
   languageName: node
   linkType: hard
 
-"@ai-sdk/openai-compatible@npm:^1.0.28":
-  version: 1.0.30
-  resolution: "@ai-sdk/openai-compatible@npm:1.0.30"
-  dependencies:
-    "@ai-sdk/provider": "npm:2.0.1"
-    "@ai-sdk/provider-utils": "npm:3.0.20"
-  peerDependencies:
-    zod: ^3.25.76 || ^4.1.8
-  checksum: 10/5a925424b52c8dbc912b0beeceac6de406bc3bcac289f3065780108631736789b1bae78613b204515dac711f1bc50b410a9bbe5bbd60d503d9d654fc2ba0406e
-  languageName: node
-  linkType: hard
-
-"@ai-sdk/openai@npm:^2.0.80":
-  version: 2.0.89
-  resolution: "@ai-sdk/openai@npm:2.0.89"
-  dependencies:
-    "@ai-sdk/provider": "npm:2.0.1"
-    "@ai-sdk/provider-utils": "npm:3.0.20"
-  peerDependencies:
-    zod: ^3.25.76 || ^4.1.8
-  checksum: 10/96b6037491365043e6f08f0e9bdf4a9e5d902ca62aac748c2fa610d0ec1422a7d252ec2e6ab1271d10d2804ab487e33837ee8bf2d0f74acbdfec5547bbfca09f
-  languageName: node
-  linkType: hard
-
-"@ai-sdk/perplexity@npm:^2.0.21":
-  version: 2.0.23
-  resolution: "@ai-sdk/perplexity@npm:2.0.23"
-  dependencies:
-    "@ai-sdk/provider": "npm:2.0.1"
-    "@ai-sdk/provider-utils": "npm:3.0.20"
-  peerDependencies:
-    zod: ^3.25.76 || ^4.1.8
-  checksum: 10/b7d5ba8618bde044b88e69be17e2fc03127e15de1e23f5e64c4db799d83e536f8551bae6b7f484eef3bec1c064ee7848e6c4a18d06ffc3fc18129d25110e7f9e
-  languageName: node
-  linkType: hard
-
 "@ai-sdk/provider-utils@npm:3.0.20":
   version: 3.0.20
   resolution: "@ai-sdk/provider-utils@npm:3.0.20"